专题八 非谓语动词和独立主格结构
【典例精析】
1. （08北京）____ that she was going off to sleep, i asked if she'd like that little doll on her bed.
a. seeing b. to see c. see d. seen
【解题】a非谓语动词see构成的短语与句子的主语i即其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，用在句首，中间与句子用逗号分开，表示伴随情况，用作伴随状语，因此用现在分词。
2.(08全国卷i)i like getting up very early in summer. the morning air is so good ____.
a. to be breathed b. to breathe c. breathing d. being breathed
【解题】b在主系表结构中，当表语形容词为good, light, heavy, difficult等时，其后常用不定式作状语，表示时间，原因，结果等，且常用主动形式表示被动意义，因此选b。此处为特殊情况。
3.(08北京)----did the book give the information you needed?
----yes. but ____ it, i had to read the entire book.
a. to find b. find c.to be finding d. finding
【解题】 a 非谓语动词短语与主句之间用逗号隔开，作状语。根据句意：为了找到需要的信息，我不得不看完整本书的内容，表示目的。不定式常在句首作目的状语，且此处不表示动作正在进行，因此用一般式，选a。
4.（09湖南）nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it .
a. reusing b. reused c. reuses d. to be reused
【解析】d 考查动词不定时的用法。句意为：现在人们有时把他们的废物分开，以便很容易被重复利用。重新再利用是指将来发生的动作，而且是被动的。故选d。
5.（09江西）_________ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars.
a. giving b. having given c. to give d. given
【解析】d 考查非谓语动词。如果把句子补充完整就不难看出：if they are given the right kind of training , 可知主语they 即these teenager soccer players与give 之间是被动的关系，所以用过去分词。根据主、从句主语一致可省略从句主语的原则，连词if 也可省，所以得出given the right kind of training , these teenager soccer players……
6.（09江西）the government plans to bring in new laws _____ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.
a. forced b. forcing c. to be forced d. having forced
【解析】b 考查非谓语动词的用法。 现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰new laws ,相当于which forces ……...
7.（09海南）the children all turned_____the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
a. looked at b. to look at c. to looking at d. look at
【解析】b。 句意为：当那位著名的女演员走进了教室，所有的孩子都转过头去看她。
turn to 表示“转向，求助”的意思。
8.(09海南) now that we’ve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions ?
a. taking b. take c. taken d. to take
【解析】c。 考查with +宾语+宾语补足语的用法。句意为：现在，我们已经讨论了问题，是人们最满意的决定？ take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动
9.（09山东）we are invited to a party _________in our club next friday.
a. to be held b. held c. being held d. holding
【解析】a 考查非谓语动词的用法，由next month可知时间是在将来，party是被举行，故选a。
10（09陕西）i still remember to the famen temple and what i saw there.
a. to take b. to be taken c. taking d. being taken
【解析】d 考查非谓语动词。此处非谓语动词做remember的宾语，而remember后用非谓语动词做宾语时，可以用v-ing形式，v-ing表示的动作已经完成，也可用动词不定式，表示的动作还未发生，根据后文的saw可知此处非谓语动词动作已经完成，且与逻辑主语是被动关系，用v-ing的被动式，选d。
11.（09福建） not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
a. reminding b. reminded c. to remind d. having reminded
【解析】b 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语the manager，非谓语动词与句子主语是被动关系，且其表示的动作在谓语动词set out之前已经发生，非谓语动词用过去分词，选b。
12.（09福建）in april, , president hu inspected the warships in qingdao, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the pla navy.
a. marking b. marked c. having marked d. being marked
【解析】a 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，其后有宾语，故与逻辑主语是主动关系，且表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行，用现在分词，选a。
13.（09湖南）when he the door, he found his keys were nowhere.
a. would open b. opened c. had opened d. was to open
【解析】d 考查非谓语动词。动词不定时的用法。句意为：当他要打开门的时候，他发现他的钥匙不见了。动词不定时表示将要发生的动作。
14.（09湖南）9.at the age of 29, dave was a worker, in a small apartment near boston and ______ what to do about his future.
a. living; wondering b. lived; wondering
c. lived; wondered d. living; wondered
【解析】a 考查分词的用法。句意为：29岁的大卫，是一个工人，住在一间小公寓在波士顿附近，不知怎么办关于他的未来。现在分词作定语修饰a worker，and 为并列连词，连接相同的成份。
【专题突破】依据非谓语动词各个不同类型的考查方式和特点。可以采用非谓语动词和独立主格结构的“五步骤”做题法；即非谓语动词的“五步骤”做题法：1.牢记核心意义；2.分析句子成分；3.寻找逻辑主语；4.了解时间关系；5.分析特殊情况。独立主格结构的“五步骤”：1. 认识独立主格结构，建立独立主格结构概念；2. 认清独立主格结构的来源，理解独立主格结构的功能；3. 从逻辑主语的不同认识分词和独立主格结构作状语的区别；4.全面掌握独立主格结构的功能；5. 熟悉独立主格结构的不同类型，全面掌握独立主格结构。当然并非每道题都要全面考虑以上"五步骤" 有时只需通过一两个步骤即可得到答案。我相信，只要同学们在训练中严格按照这种思路去分析，就可以练就一双火眼金睛，那么，再难的考查非谓语动词和独立主格结构的试题都是可以快速得到答案的。
1. i don’t know whether you happen ____ it, but i’m going to study in the u.s.a. this september.
a. to be heard b. to be hearing c. to hear d. to have heard
2. _____ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _____ the beautiful scenery.
a. tiring; to admire b. being tired; admiring
c. tired; to admire d. tired; admiring
3. don’t leave the water ____ while you brush your teeth.
a. run b. running c. being run d. to run
4. he looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
a. put b. to be put c. to put d. putting
5. _____ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.
a. having stolen b. having been stolen c. stolen d. stealing
6. to answer correctly is more important than _____.
a. that you finish quickly b. finishing quickly
c. to finish quickly d. finish quickly
7. you will see this product made in this factory _____ wherever you go.
a. to be advertised b. advertised c. advertise d. advertising
8. the monument was built in honor of the explorer who was believed _____ the river.
a. to have discovered b. to have been discovered
c. to discover d. having been discovered
9. —— have you considered _____ your job as a teacher?
——yes. i like the job because a teacher is often considered _____ a gardener.
a. to change; to be b. to change; being c. changing; being d. changing; to be
10. mr. green is said _____ an experiment to prove the new method of solving the problem when young.
a. to do b. to have done c. to be doing d. to have been doing
11. seeing the soldiers well _____ for the flood-fight, the general nodded with satisfaction.
a. prepare b. preparing c. prepared d. having prepared
12.the murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
a. being tied b. having tied c. to be tied d. tied
13.weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
a. permitted b permitting c permits d for permitting
14.the speech ______ a lively discussion started.
a.being delivered b. was delivered
c.be delivered d. having been delivered
15.______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
a.other things being equal b.were other things equal
c.to be equal to other things d.other things to be equal
16.all things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
a.considered b.be considered c.considering d.having considered
参考答案：
1.【解析】d happen to have done sth 为不定式的完成时， 表示一个已经完成了的动作，强调对于现在的影响。
2.【解析】c tired and out of breath为“形容词和介词短语”在句中作状语。stop to do sth. 停下来去做另外一件事
3.【解析】b非谓语动词作宾语补足语时，选项a、d表示将来可能发生的动作；b表示宾语持续性动作，根据句意选b,表示水不停地流出。
4.【解析】d catch sb doing sth表示发觉或当场捉住 sb在做一件事情。
5.【解析】a从动作发生的时间来看，应是先偷钻石，再找地方藏匿，故用-ing形式的完成式。
6.【解析】c题意为“正确做出答案要比快速完成更重要”。两个非谓语动词短语在形式上应保持一致。
7.【解析】b advertise意为“为……登广告”。made in this factory作定语修饰product; advertised作宾语补足语。
8.【解析】a用不定式的完成式表示动作发生在(定语)从句谓语动作之前。
9.【解析】d consider 作“考虑”解时，后常接-ing形式（短语）作宾语；作“认为” 解时，后常接含有名词、形容词或to be的复合结构。
10【解析】b由when young可知此处应该用不定式的完成式，表示此动作发生在谓语动作之前。
11.【解析】c由固定短语be (well) prepared for可知此处应用过去分词作宾补。
12.【解析】d. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选d. 13.【解析】b. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选b。如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为if weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
14.【解析】d 句意：演讲完后，开始了热烈的讨论。把握前后主语不一致，动作发生在之前，故选答案为d.
15.【解析】a 句意：在其它条件相同的情况下，表达好的人肯定要比语言能力差的人更快地取得成功，前后的主语不一致，故选答案a.
16.【解析】a 考虑了方方面面之后，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消了，前后主语不一致，故答案为a。
【学法导航】非谓语动词内容繁多，用法复杂，是学生们在英语学习过程中的最大难点，也是高考中的必考项目。独立主格结构相对来说考查较少，但经常放在with复合结构中考查；同学们要想掌握他们的用法，轻松备战高考，快速准确地解题，不妨牢记非谓语动词和独立主格结构基本、特殊用法以及解题“五步骤”，具体内容如下：
一。非谓语动词“五步骤”
1.牢记核心意义。不定式表将来或能够，动词ing形式表主动或进行，过去分词表被动或完成。
2.分析句子成分。非谓语动词在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、补语以及状语。
3.寻找逻辑主语，把握，前后主语一致性和主被动关系。非谓语动词虽然在语法上没有主语，但它仍表示的是动作，因此在意义上会有一个动作的发出者，这个发出者就是它的逻辑主语。作主语补足语，表语和状语时，逻辑主语为句子的主语；作宾语补足语，逻辑主语为宾语；作定语，逻辑主语是所修饰的先行词；复合结构自带逻辑主语。如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的是主动关系，用现在分词或不定式的主动式，如果是被动关系，则用过去分词或不定式的被动式，如果表被动进行，则用现在分词的被动式或不定式的被动进行式。
4.了解时间关系。如果非谓语动词与句子的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，用一般式；如果发生在之前，则用完成式，如果强调正在进行，则用进行时；如果动作在将来发生，则用不定式。
5.分析特殊情况。主要是指一些习惯用法，固定搭配等。
二。独立主格结构的“五步骤”
1.认识独立主格结构，建立独立主格结构概念。
最初的独立主格结构就是带逻辑主语的分词结构，它的作用相当于状语。
2.认清独立主格结构的来源，理解独立主格结构的功能。
我们清楚地看出独立主格结构作状语和分词作状语一样来源于状语从句。
3.从逻辑主语的不同认识分词和独立主格结构作状语的区别。
分词作状语和独立主格结构作状语的区别就在于逻辑主语的不同，分词的逻辑主语为主句的主语，独立主格结构的逻辑主语就是分词前边的名词或代词。
4.全面掌握独立主格结构的功能。
要将复合句或并列句改成简单句时，应注意：要根据分词和独立主格结构作状语时逻辑主语的不同情况改写句子，当复合句或并列句的主语一致时，适合改成分词作状语；当复合句或并列句的主语不一致时，适合改成独立主格结构作状语。
5.熟悉独立主格结构的不同类型，全面掌握独立主格结构。
有时将并列句或复合句改成简单句时，应注意：原句中含有 be 动词时，一律改成 being 形式， being 后面为非名词时 being 可忽略。
独立主格结构除了分词式独立主格结构之外，还有介词、形容词、副词、不定式式独立主格结构，即带逻辑主语的介词、形容词、副词、不定式结构，可用作伴随状语、条件状语、原因状语或时间状语。
【专题综合】1. ____ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
a. to throw b. thrown c. throwing d. being throwing
2. ____ in the fields on a march afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
a. to walk b. walking c. walked d. having walked
3. i hear they've promoted tom, but he didn't mention ____ when we talked on the phone.
a. to promote b. having been promoted
c. having promoted d. to be promoted
4. the message is very important, so it is supposed ____ as soon as possible.
a. to be sent b. to send c. being sent d. sending
5. ____ around the water cube, we wre then taken to see the bird's nest for the olympic games.
a.having shown b. to be shown c. having been shown d. to show
6. we had an anxious couple of weeks ____for the results of the experiment
a. wait b. to be waiting c. waited d. waiting
7. ____ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
a. fail b. failed c. to fail d. having failed
8. it is one of the funniest things ____ on the internet so far this year.
a. finding b. being found c. to find d. found
9. ____ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.
a. waiting b.to wait c. having waited d. to have waited
10.----can those ____at the back of the classroom hear me?
-----no problem.
a. seat b. sit c. seated d. sat
11.he was busy writing a story, only _____once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
a. to stop b. stopping c. to have stopped d. having stopped
12. please remain ______; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
a. seating b. seated c. to seat d. to be seated
13.----they are quiet, aren't they?
----yes. they are accustomed ______at meal.
a. to talk b. to not talk c. to talking d. to not talking
learn english well, we should find opportunities to hear english ______as much as we can.
a. speak b. speaking c. spoken d. to speak
15. lucy's new job paid twice as much as she had made _____in the restaurant.
a. working b. work c. to work d. worked
16.the soldier fell asleep ________.
a.with the candle burning b.burning the candle
c.when he was burning the candle d.when burning the candle
17.________, the tiananmen square looks more beautiful.
a.being on b.when being on
c.with all the lights on d.when it turns on all the lights
18.____ the notice, he had an idea.
a.when he was watching b.watching c.when watching d.all the above
19.______ the notice, an idea came to his mind.
a.when he was watching b.watching c.when watching d.all the above
参考答案：1-5 cbbac 6-10 dddcc 11-15bbdca 16-19 acda
（精品推荐）XX届高考二轮复习英语学案--专题三 形容词和副词
【典例精析】1.（09全国卷ii ）14. the children loved their day trip, and they enjoyed the horse ride____.
a. most b. more c. less d. little
【答案】a
【解析】考查形容词(immediate)、副词等(most、much too与too much的区别)
2.（09全国卷ii ）15. i’m sure that your letter will get_____ attention . they know you’re waiting for the reply.
a. continued b. immediate c. careful d. general
【答案】b
【解析】考查形容词(immediate)、副词等(most、much too与too much的区别)
3.（09全国卷ii）16. it’s high time you had your hair cut ; it’s getting______.
a. too much long b. much too long c. long too much d. too long much
【答案】b
【解析】考查形容词(immediate)、副词等(most、much too与too much的区别)
4.（09安徽） -- do you think it's a good idea to make friends with your students?
--______, i do. i think it's a great idea.
a. really b. obviously c. actually d. generally
答案：c
5.（09福建） it seems that living green is ____easy and affordable. a small step masks a big difference.
a. exactly b. fortunately c. surprisingly d. hardly
【答案】c
【解析】考查副词。exactly：准确地；fortunately：幸运地；surprisingly：惊讶地，出乎意料地；hardly：几乎不。题干意思是：似乎保护环境是出乎意料的简单可行，小小的行动能带来很大的不同。选c
6.（09湖北） as there is less and less coal and oil, scientists are exploring new ways of making use of ______ energy, such as sunlight, wind and water for power and fuel.
a. primary b. alternative c. instant d. unique
【答案】 b
【解析】考查形容词。既然石油和煤都越来越少，人们只好使用一些其它可替代这些燃料的东西，alternative 有“可选择的，可替代的”之意，符合句意。primary“首要的，初期的”，instant“立即的，迅速的”，unique“独特的”
7.（09湖北）the questionnaire takes ______ ten to fifteen minutes to complete and can be used along with the assessment interview.
a. mainly b. punctually c. approximately d. precisely
【答案】 c
【解析】考查副词。这里意思是“问卷大约需要10至15分钟完成”，应选择approximately“大约地”。 mainly“主要地”，punctually“准时地”，precisely“精确地”
8.（09湖南）i can_____be a teacher. i’m not a very patient person.
a. seldom b. ever c. never d. always
【答案】c
【解析】句意为：我绝不会成为一名教师。因为我不是一个很有耐心的人。seldom表示“很少”；ever表示“永远”用在肯定句中；never表示“绝不，从来没有” always 表示“总是”。
9.（09江西） frank put the mediocre in the top drawer to make sure it would not be_______ to the kids.
a. accessible b. relative c. acceptable d. sensitive
【答案】a
【解析】考查形容词的辨析。be accessible to 为……能够接近； be relative to 和……有关系； be acceptable to 为……所接受 ； be sensitive to 对……敏感， 易接受
10.（09海南） how much______she looked without her glasses!
a. well b. good c. best d. better
【答案】d
【解析】考查系动词后跟形容词作表语。句意为：没有眼镜她看的多么好？与戴眼镜形成对比
11.（09四川） my uncle’s house in the downtown area is much smaller than ours , but it is twice _______ expensive .
a. as b. so c. too d. very
【答案】a
【解析】考查倍数的表示方法。该题采用了“倍数+as+adj./adv+as ”这一结构，所以答案为a。
12.（09天津） it was a nice house, but _______ too small for a family of live.
a. rarely b. fairly c. rather d. pretty
【答案】c
【解析】考查副词用法辨析。按照句意此处是“让一个家庭去住相当小”，排除a rarely罕见，稀少；d pretty和fairly 意思用法相近表示褒义，但程度大于后者；rather表示贬义，尤其能和比较级和too连用，b,d选项不行，故选c
13.（09天津）i’m not surprised that he became a writer. even as a child he had a _____ imagination.
a. clear b. cautious c. funny d. vivid
【答案】d
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。此处句意为“甚至当他很小时，他都有丰富的想象力。”clear 清晰；cautions细心，谨慎；funny滑稽；vivid 生动，鲜明，丰富；吻合语境，选d
14.（09浙江）the incomes of skilled workers went up. ______, unskilled workers saw their earnings fall.
a. moreover b. therefore c. meanwhile d. otherwise
【答案】c
【解析】考查副词的用法。该题前后两句话之间是转折关系，所以正确答案为：c。
15.（09浙江）in the good care of the nurses, the boy is ______ recovering from his heart operation.
a. quietly b. actually c. practically d. gradually
【答案】d
【解析】考查副词的用法。在护士们的精心照料下，这个男孩正在逐渐地从心脏手术中恢复健康。gradually符合语境
16（09浙江）. john is very ____ ——if he promises to do something he’ll do it .
a. independent b. confident c. reliable d. flexible
【答案】c。
【解析】考查形容词的区别。约翰非常的可靠，如果他许诺做某事他一定会做的，所以reliable为答案
17.（09江苏） compared with his sister, jerry is even more_____ to, and more easily troubled by , emotional and relationship problems.
a. skeptical b. addicted c. available d. sensitive
【答案】d
【解析】be sensitive to对什么敏感。jerry is even more sensitive to emotional and relationship problems. more sensitive to与more easily troubled by 并列
【专题突破】形容词和副词做题技巧点拨：1.解比较级试题时应确保被比较两者不属同一范围，如属相同范畴，应在被比较的名词前加other，else等词汇；2.解最高级试题时应确保主语被置身于最高级范围之内，分析语境含义和句子结构看是否符合"the+比较级，the+比较级"句型的需要；3.分析语境是否表示同级比较，确保as ... as中间应为形容词、副词原级；记住比较级前面只能用特定词汇修饰；4.分析语境含义，确定是否符合a/an+比较级+单数可数名词结构的需要；寻找两者被明确提供的标志性词汇是否符合比较级前面加定冠词结构的需要
5.根据语境含义和句子结构分别使用比较级和同级比较句型，若题干为省略句应根据语境逻辑寻找被比较的对象，然后再进行比较级和同级比较分析；6.分析语境、逻辑来推断空档所需是形容词还是副词；根据句子结构的需要推断所需是形容词还是副词；形容词用于修饰名词和代词，表示人和事物的性质和特征。副词既可修饰动词，又可修饰形容词和其他副词，甚至整个句子。
实例点拨
1.形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。
do you enjoy listening to records? i find records are often______, or better than an actual performance.
a. as good as b. as good c. good d.good as
【点拨】在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候，不能省略任何一个介词。答案为a
2.比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念，既是说比较要具有可比性。
the number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half______.
a. of last year’s b.those of last year’s
c.of those of last year d. that of last year’s
【点拨】（前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”，而不能选择b，those是指代participants，不是同类对比，答案为d
3.比较级与倍数词关系及其位置
原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词，表示为“为….若干倍”, 当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等，他们的位置是，倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than….。
1.——you don’t go to that supermarket quite often, do you?
—— no, i only go there ______ because it’s too far away from my house.
a. eventually b. constantly c. occasionally d. frequently
2. my daughter cares more for new clothes than anything else in the world, so she is very _______ about what she wears.
a. special b. strict c. especial d. particular
3. well, that’s just the deal. ______ price will be out of my reach.
a. the higher b. a higher c. the highest d. a highest
4. much to my surprise, the eight-year-old boy _____fixed my computer within ten minutes.
a.skillfully b.immediately c.normally d.nervously
5. attention, coffee lovers! we have for you, the best coffee machine _____ invented.
a. ever b. already c. even d. nowadays
6. it is ______ to spend money in preventing illnesses by promoting healthy living rather than spending it trying to make people ______ after they are ill.
a. good; good b. well; better c. better; better d. better; good
7. the increase of the number of the students makes the limited computers not ______ to each student.
a.available b.affordable c.helpful d.acceptable
8. food safety is ________ important, so the government spares no efforts to prevent food pollution.
a.strongly b. reasonably c.highly d. naturally
9. 10,000 dollars is a large sum of money，but it is still ______than we need for a new house
a.very few b.very little c.far fewer d.far less
10. wouldn’t it be ____for you to pick me up at four o’clock and take me to the airport.
a.free b.vacant c.handy d.convenient
参考答案及解析
1.【解析】c句意：---你不经常去超市，是吗？---不经常去，我只是偶尔去，因为超市离我们家太远。occasionally---sometimes, but not regular and not often偶尔；eventually ---at last, in the end最后，终于；constantly ---all the time, or very often不断地，经常地；frequently频繁地，经常地。
2.【解析】d special特殊的；strict严厉的；especial专门的；be particular about sth对……很挑剔；符合题意。这句话的意思是：我的女儿对新衣服和一切新事物都很关心，因此她对穿着很挑剔。
3.【解析】b 句意：好了，成交了，再高了就超出了我的支付能力了。根据题意，并不是进行比较，因此不用比较级，排除a 和c，而是表示“再”，冠词a+比较级表示此意。
4.【解析】a skillfully技巧熟练地，符合题意。由much to my surpris 可推测出 the eight-year-old boy应该技巧熟练。immediately立即的；normally正常的；nervously紧张的
5.【解析】a 句意强调“我们今天准备的是曾经最好的” ever 曾经；already 已经；even 甚至；nowadays 如今；后三项不符合题意。
6.【解析】c 有than 可知前面一个空应用比较级，因此排除ab, 根据题意第二个空也应用比较级，是生病前后病人身体健康状况的比较
7.【解析】a available可以得到的， 可达到的， 可用的；affordable买得起的；helpful 有帮助的；acceptable可以接受的；根据句意，a项符合题意。
8.【解析】c strongly强壮地，强烈的；reasonably合情合理的；highly 高度地， 很好， 非常；naturally自然的；句意是食品安全非常重要，因此政府不遗余力预防食物污染。
9.【解析】d 由 than 可知应用比较级，排除ab，数量多少应用 little 比较级为 less.
10.【解析】d free自由的，空闲的；vacant空缺的，空白的；handy便于使用的， 便利的， 可携带的， 轻便的；convenient方便的，d项符合题意
【学法导航】形容词或副词在历年的高考试卷中都会考到。对于形容词和副词，学生首先应该掌握形容词和副词基本用法；然后掌握形容词和副词的比较级和最高级特殊句型。学生可以重点掌握四个即可：一是在下面这些半系动词sound，taste，smell，look，feel，seem，appear，stand，fall，remain，keep，get，grow，become，turn等后面常跟形容词作表语。 二是掌握名词前多个形容词的顺序问题，一般表主观形容词，如新旧大小长短是否漂亮这些形容词在前，表客观形容词，如颜色材料质地本质形容词在后面。如an old small red paper packet 一个旧的红色的小纸包；三是掌握特殊句型的口语表达法、倍数位置；四十精做习题，依据语境规律排除，训练自己的应试能力
【专题综合】1. how beautifully she sings! i have never heard _____ voice.
a. a better b. a best c. the better d. the best
2. professor white has written some short stories, but he is _____ known for his plays.
a. the best b. more c. better d. the most
3. the plane flew smoothly ______ in the sky and people spoke ______ of the experienced pilot.
a. high；high b. highly；highly c. high；highly d. highly；high
4. —— what do you think of the concert?—— oh, it was______success.
a. a very b. quite a c .so d. really
5. i haven’t seen______ this since i collected stamps.
a. as old a stamp as b. so an old stamp as
c. stamp as old as d. as an old stamp a
6.the task is too much for me, so i can’t carry on ______any longer. i must get some help.
a. singly b.simply c.alone d.lonely
7. have your working conditions improved?
---no, ______than before, i’m afraid.
a. no better b.a little batter c.not worse d.no worse
8. to their great relief, the missing child returned home, ______, after an absence of two weeks.
a.felt tired and sound b.tiring and soundly
c.feeling tired but soundly d.tired but sound
9. we must keep our room clean, for dirt and disease go______, you know.
a.hand in hand b.step by step c.from time ti time d.one zfter another
10. how are you getting on with your classates?
——______. i’ve got to know them all.
a. far better b.much pleased c.very comfortable d.very good
11. it is always difficult being in a foreign country, __________if you don’t speak the language.
a.extremely b.naturally c.basically d.especially
12. it is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science.
a.an art much as b.much an art as c.as an art much as d.as much an art as
参考答案及解析
1.【解析】a容易误选d，认为最高级前要用定冠词。其实此题最佳答案为a，该句可视为…i have never heard a better voice than her voice 之省略，全句句意为“她唱得多好啊！我从未听过她这么好的声音”
2.【解析】c 此题首先不宜选b或d，因为 well known 的比较级和最高级通常是 better known和best known，有时也可以是 more well known 和 most well known，但通常不能是 more known 和 most known。至于是选a还是c，这就要看语境。由于句中涉及的只有 stories 和 plays 两个对象，故应选比较级。
3.【解析】c high in the sky 是个形容词短语，意为“高高地在天上”。同时，speak highly of 是个词组，表示“高度赞扬”的意思
4.【解析】b quite a , quite some用以指人或物不寻常，如we had quite a party.（我们的聚会不一般。）it must be quite some car.（那辆车可不比寻常。）
5.【解析】a 表示“象这么旧的邮票”可用以 下形式表达：as old a stamp as this； a stamp as old as this； 否定句中前一个as可用so。
6.【解析】c句意：这项任务对我来说太重了，我再也不能单独自己做了，我必须找个助手。singly各自的，一个一个地；simply简单的，仅仅，只不过；alone独立，单独；lonely孤独的，寂寞的。
7.【解析】a 你们的工作条件改善了吗？---没有，和以前一样（不好）。no+比较级+ than 表示“两者同样不……的意思”
8.【解析】d 句意：使他们宽慰的是，丢失的孩子两周后又重返家园，虽然很疲惫但很健康。形容词作状语表示伴随或结果，不表示动作的方式
9.【解析】a 句意：我们必须保持室内卫生，你知道脏乱与疾病是分不开的。hand in hand---happenning together and closely connected密切相关的，同时发生的。本句还可说成：dirt goes hand in hand with disease.
10.【解析】a 句意：——你和你们班的同学相处的如何？——好多了，我和他们都认识了。答语为省略句，补全后应为：i’m getting on far better with my classmates.
11.【解析】d本题考查副词的词义辨析。注意掌握词语的准确含义，结合语境进行分析。a项意为“极端地”；b项意为“自然地”；c项“基本上”；d项“尤其，特别地”。根据句意“如果你不会讲（它的）语言，在国外你就总会困难重重”可知答案
12.【解析】d 本题可从考查形容词的同级比较点入手。在同级比较as…as句式中，如果as后面的形容词作定语且其所修饰的名词前有不定冠词时，该冠词须置于形容词之后，即形成“as + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + as”结构。这道题在名词专题中也有解析，不同的是观察视角不同，应注意培养发散思维
（精品推荐）XX届高考二轮复习英语学案--专题八 非谓语动词和独立主格结构
【典例精析】
1. （08北京）____ that she was going off to sleep, i asked if she'd like that little doll on her bed.
a. seeing b. to see c. see d. seen
【解题】a非谓语动词see构成的短语与句子的主语i即其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，用在句首，中间与句子用逗号分开，表示伴随情况，用作伴随状语，因此用现在分词。
2.(08全国卷i)i like getting up very early in summer. the morning air is so good ____.
a. to be breathed b. to breathe c. breathing d. being breathed
【解题】b在主系表结构中，当表语形容词为good, light, heavy, difficult等时，其后常用不定式作状语，表示时间，原因，结果等，且常用主动形式表示被动意义，因此选b。此处为特殊情况。
3.(08北京)----did the book give the information you needed?
----yes. but ____ it, i had to read the entire book.
a. to find b. find c.to be finding d. finding
【解题】 a 非谓语动词短语与主句之间用逗号隔开，作状语。根据句意：为了找到需要的信息，我不得不看完整本书的内容，表示目的。不定式常在句首作目的状语，且此处不表示动作正在进行，因此用一般式，选a。
4.（09湖南）nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it .
a. reusing b. reused c. reuses d. to be reused
【解析】d 考查动词不定时的用法。句意为：现在人们有时把他们的废物分开，以便很容易被重复利用。重新再利用是指将来发生的动作，而且是被动的。故选d。
5.（09江西）_________ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars.
a. giving b. having given c. to give d. given
【解析】d 考查非谓语动词。如果把句子补充完整就不难看出：if they are given the right kind of training , 可知主语they 即these teenager soccer players与give 之间是被动的关系，所以用过去分词。根据主、从句主语一致可省略从句主语的原则，连词if 也可省，所以得出given the right kind of training , these teenager soccer players……
6.（09江西）the government plans to bring in new laws _____ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.
a. forced b. forcing c. to be forced d. having forced
【解析】b 考查非谓语动词的用法。 现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰new laws ,相当于which forces ……...
7.（09海南）the children all turned_____the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
a. looked at b. to look at c. to looking at d. look at
【解析】b。 句意为：当那位著名的女演员走进了教室，所有的孩子都转过头去看她。
turn to 表示“转向，求助”的意思。
8.(09海南) now that we’ve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions ?
a. taking b. take c. taken d. to take
【解析】c。 考查with +宾语+宾语补足语的用法。句意为：现在，我们已经讨论了问题，是人们最满意的决定？ take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动
9.（09山东）we are invited to a party _________in our club next friday.
a. to be held b. held c. being held d. holding
【解析】a 考查非谓语动词的用法，由next month可知时间是在将来，party是被举行，故选a。
10（09陕西）i still remember to the famen temple and what i saw there.
a. to take b. to be taken c. taking d. being taken
【解析】d 考查非谓语动词。此处非谓语动词做remember的宾语，而remember后用非谓语动词做宾语时，可以用v-ing形式，v-ing表示的动作已经完成，也可用动词不定式，表示的动作还未发生，根据后文的saw可知此处非谓语动词动作已经完成，且与逻辑主语是被动关系，用v-ing的被动式，选d。
11.（09福建） not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
a. reminding b. reminded c. to remind d. having reminded
【解析】b 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语the manager，非谓语动词与句子主语是被动关系，且其表示的动作在谓语动词set out之前已经发生，非谓语动词用过去分词，选b。
12.（09福建）in april, , president hu inspected the warships in qingdao, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the pla navy.
a. marking b. marked c. having marked d. being marked
【解析】a 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，其后有宾语，故与逻辑主语是主动关系，且表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行，用现在分词，选a。
13.（09湖南）when he the door, he found his keys were nowhere.
a. would open b. opened c. had opened d. was to open
【解析】d 考查非谓语动词。动词不定时的用法。句意为：当他要打开门的时候，他发现他的钥匙不见了。动词不定时表示将要发生的动作。
14.（09湖南）9.at the age of 29, dave was a worker, in a small apartment near boston and ______ what to do about his future.
a. living; wondering b. lived; wondering
c. lived; wondered d. living; wondered
【解析】a 考查分词的用法。句意为：29岁的大卫，是一个工人，住在一间小公寓在波士顿附近，不知怎么办关于他的未来。现在分词作定语修饰a worker，and 为并列连词，连接相同的成份。
【专题突破】依据非谓语动词各个不同类型的考查方式和特点。可以采用非谓语动词和独立主格结构的“五步骤”做题法；即非谓语动词的“五步骤”做题法：1.牢记核心意义；2.分析句子成分；3.寻找逻辑主语；4.了解时间关系；5.分析特殊情况。独立主格结构的“五步骤”：1. 认识独立主格结构，建立独立主格结构概念；2. 认清独立主格结构的来源，理解独立主格结构的功能；3. 从逻辑主语的不同认识分词和独立主格结构作状语的区别；4.全面掌握独立主格结构的功能；5. 熟悉独立主格结构的不同类型，全面掌握独立主格结构。当然并非每道题都要全面考虑以上"五步骤" 有时只需通过一两个步骤即可得到答案。我相信，只要同学们在训练中严格按照这种思路去分析，就可以练就一双火眼金睛，那么，再难的考查非谓语动词和独立主格结构的试题都是可以快速得到答案的。
1. i don’t know whether you happen ____ it, but i’m going to study in the u.s.a. this september.
a. to be heard b. to be hearing c. to hear d. to have heard
2. _____ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _____ the beautiful scenery.
a. tiring; to admire b. being tired; admiring
c. tired; to admire d. tired; admiring
3. don’t leave the water ____ while you brush your teeth.
a. run b. running c. being run d. to run
4. he looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
a. put b. to be put c. to put d. putting
5. _____ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.
a. having stolen b. having been stolen c. stolen d. stealing
6. to answer correctly is more important than _____.
a. that you finish quickly b. finishing quickly
c. to finish quickly d. finish quickly
7. you will see this product made in this factory _____ wherever you go.
a. to be advertised b. advertised c. advertise d. advertising
8. the monument was built in honor of the explorer who was believed _____ the river.
a. to have discovered b. to have been discovered
c. to discover d. having been discovered
9. —— have you considered _____ your job as a teacher?
——yes. i like the job because a teacher is often considered _____ a gardener.
a. to change; to be b. to change; being c. changing; being d. changing; to be
10. mr. green is said _____ an experiment to prove the new method of solving the problem when young.
a. to do b. to have done c. to be doing d. to have been doing
11. seeing the soldiers well _____ for the flood-fight, the general nodded with satisfaction.
a. prepare b. preparing c. prepared d. having prepared
12.the murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
a. being tied b. having tied c. to be tied d. tied
13.weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
a. permitted b permitting c permits d for permitting
14.the speech ______ a lively discussion started.
a.being delivered b. was delivered
c.be delivered d. having been delivered
15.______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly
than a man whose command of language is poor.
a.other things being equal b.were other things equal
c.to be equal to other things d.other things to be equal
16.all things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
a.considered b.be considered c.considering d.having considere
参考答案：
1.【解析】d happen to have done sth 为不定式的完成时， 表示一个已经完成了的动作，强调对于现在的影响。
2.【解析】c tired and out of breath为“形容词和介词短语”在句中作状语。stop to do sth. 停下来去做另外一件事
3.【解析】b非谓语动词作宾语补足语时，选项a、d表示将来可能发生的动作；b表示宾语持续性动作，根据句意选b,表示水不停地流出。
4.【解析】d catch sb doing sth表示发觉或当场捉住 sb在做一件事情。
5.【解析】a从动作发生的时间来看，应是先偷钻石，再找地方藏匿，故用-ing形式的完成式。
6.【解析】c题意为“正确做出答案要比快速完成更重要”。两个非谓语动词短语在形式上应保持一致。
7.【解析】b advertise意为“为……登广告”。made in this factory作定语修饰product; advertised作宾语补足语。
8.【解析】a用不定式的完成式表示动作发生在(定语)从句谓语动作之前。
9.【解析】d consider 作“考虑”解时，后常接-ing形式（短语）作宾语；作“认为” 解时，后常接含有名词、形容词或to be的复合结构。
10【解析】b由when young可知此处应该用不定式的完成式，表示此动作发生在谓语动作之前。
11.【解析】c由固定短语be (well) prepared for可知此处应用过去分词作宾补。
12.【解析】d. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选d. 13.【解析】b. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选b。如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为if weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
14.【解析】d 句意：演讲完后，开始了热烈的讨论。把握前后主语不一致，动作发生在之前，故选答案为d.
15.【解析】a 句意：在其它条件相同的情况下，表达好的人肯定要比语言能力差的人更快地取得成功，前后的主语不一致，故选答案a.
16.【解析】a 考虑了方方面面之后，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消了，前后主语不一致，故答案为a。
【学法导航】非谓语动词内容繁多，用法复杂，是学生们在英语学习过程中的最大难点，也是高考中的必考项目。独立主格结构相对来说考查较少，但经常放在with复合结构中考查；同学们要想掌握他们的用法，轻松备战高考，快速准确地解题，不妨牢记非谓语动词和独立主格结构基本、特殊用法以及解题“五步骤”，具体内容如下：
一。非谓语动词“五步骤”
1. 牢记核心意义。不定式表将来或能够，动词ing形式表主动或进行，过去分词表被动或完
2.分析句子成分。非谓语动词在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、补语以及状语。
3.寻找逻辑主语，把握，前后主语一致性和主被动关系。非谓语动词虽然在语法上没有主语，但它仍表示的是动作，因此在意义上会有一个动作的发出者，这个发出者就是它的逻辑主语。作主语补足语，表语和状语时，逻辑主语为句子的主语；作宾语补足语，逻辑主语为宾语；作定语，逻辑主语是所修饰的先行词；复合结构自带逻辑主语。如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的是主动关系，用现在分词或不定式的主动式，如果是被动关系，则用过去分词或不定式的被动式，如果表被动进行，则用现在分词的被动式或不定式的被动进行式。
4.了解时间关系。如果非谓语动词与句子的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，用一般式；如果发生在之前，则用完成式，如果强调正在进行，则用进行时；如果动作在将来发生，则用不定式。
5.分析特殊情况。主要是指一些习惯用法，固定搭配等。
二。独立主格结构的“五步骤”
1.认识独立主格结构，建立独立主格结构概念。
最初的独立主格结构就是带逻辑主语的分词结构，它的作用相当于状语。
2. 认清独立主格结构的来源，理解独立主格结构的功能。
我们清楚地看出独立主格结构作状语和分词作状语一样来源于状语从句。
3.从逻辑主语的不同认识分词和独立主格结构作状语的区别。
分词作状语和独立主格结构作状语的区别就在于逻辑主语的不同，分词的逻辑主语为主句的主语，独立主格结构的逻辑主语就是分词前边的名词或代词。
4.全面掌握独立主格结构的功能。
要将复合句或并列句改成简单句时，应注意：要根据分词和独立主格结构作状语时逻辑主语的不同情况改写句子，当复合句或并列句的主语一致时，适合改成分词作状语；当复合句或并列句的主语不一致时，适合改成独立主格结构作状语。
5.熟悉独立主格结构的不同类型，全面掌握独立主格结构。
有时将并列句或复合句改成简单句时，应注意：原句中含有 be 动词时，一律改成 being 形式， being 后面为非名词时 being 可忽略。
独立主格结构除了分词式独立主格结构之外，还有介词、形容词、副词、不定式式独立主格结构，即带逻辑主语的介词、形容词、副词、不定式结构，可用作伴随状语、条件状语、原因状语或时间状语。
【专题综合】1. ____ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
a. to throw b. thrown c. throwing d. being throwing
2. ____ in the fields on a march afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
a. to walk b. walking c. walked d. having walked
3. i hear they've promoted tom, but he didn't mention ____ when we talked on the phone.
a. to promote b. having been promoted
c. having promoted d. to be promoted
4. the message is very important, so it is supposed ____ as soon as possible.
a. to be sent b. to send c. being sent d. sending
5. ____ around the water cube, we wre then taken to see the bird's nest for the olympic games.
a.having shown b. to be shown c. having been shown d. to show
6. we had an anxious couple of weeks ____for the results of the experiment
a. wait b. to be waiting c. waited d. waiting
7. ____ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
a. fail b. failed c. to fail d. having failed
8. it is one of the funniest things ____ on the internet so far this year.
a. finding b. being found c. to find d. found
9. ____ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.
a. waiting b.to wait c. having waited d. to have waited
10.----can those ____at the back of the classroom hear me?
-----no problem.
a. seat b. sit c. seated d. sat
11.he was busy writing a story, only _____once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
a. to stop b. stopping c. to have stopped d. having stopped
12. please remain ______; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
a. seating b. seated c. to seat d. to be seated
13.----they are quiet, aren't they?
----yes. they are accustomed ______at meal.
a. to talk b. to not talk c. to talking d. to not talking
learn english well, we should find opportunities to hear english ______as much as we can.
a. speak b. speaking c. spoken d. to speak
15. lucy's new job paid twice as much as she had made _____in the restaurant.
a. working b. work c. to work d. worked
16.the soldier fell asleep ________.
a.with the candle burning b.burning the candle
c.when he was burning the candle d.when burning the candle
17.________, the tiananmen square looks more beautiful.
a.being on b.when being on
c.with all the lights on d.when it turns on all the lights
18.____ the notice, he had an idea.
a.when he was watching b.watching c.when watching d.all the above
19.______ the notice, an idea came to his mind.
a.when he was watching b.watching c.when watching d.all the above
参考答案：1-5 cbbac 6-10 dddcc 11-15bbdca 16-19 acda
XX高考二轮复习英语学案专题九 名词性从句
【典例精析】
1.( 山东，22 )could i speak to ____is in charge of international sales ,please ?
a. anyone b. someone c. whoever d. no matter who
【解析】c.“is in charge of international sales ”表语从句，缺少引导词和主语。其中a. b.选项后面需加定语从句引导词who； 而no matter who不能引导名词性从句，只能引导状语从句。
2.（ 重庆，25 ）people in chongqing are proud of __they have achieved in the past ten years .
a. that b. which c what d. how
【解析】c “they have achieved in the past ten years ”做介词of的宾语，宾语从句中缺少have achieved的宾语。
3.（ 山东，23 ）____was most important to her ,she told me ,was her family .
a. it b this c. what d. as
【解析】c.句子的主干为“____was most important to her was her family”很明显此句的主语是个从句，主语从句中缺主语。
4.（09山东）the little girl who got lost decided to remain _________she was and wait tor her mother.
a. where b. what c. how d. who
【解析】a remain是系动词，后加表语从句，由句意可知，从句缺地点状语，所以选a。
5.（09湖南）she is very dear to us. we have been prepared to do it takes to save her life.
a. whichever b. however c. whatever d. whoever
【解析】c 名词性从句的引导词。句意为：她对我们来说是非常宝贵，我们已经准备好做一切来拯救她的生命。
6.（09江西）the fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.
a. what b. which c. that d. though
【解析】c 间隔式同位语从句的用法。即先行词是the fact 和that引导的同位语从句中间隔了谓语部分。
7.（09海南）could i speak to is in charge of international sales please?
a. who b. what c. whoever d. whatever
【解析】c whoever既作了 to 的宾语，又作is in charge of international sales please?的主语。“whoever”作代词，/any person who/the person who/“任何人”、“无论谁”、“……的人”。
8.（09陕西）the how to book can be of help to wants to do the job.
a. who b. whomever c. no matter who d. whoever
【解析】d 此处从做介词to的宾语，是名词性从句，引导词做从句的主语，指人，意思是：无论是谁，选d。
9.（09海南）one of the most important questions they had to consider was of public health
a. what b. this c. that d. which
【解析】c 句意为：他们必须考虑其中最重要的问题是公共卫生。考查that作代词，that 作代词，往往用于特指，相当于“that＋名词”，它也只能代替事情不能代替人。
10.（09上海）as a new diplomat, he often thinks of _______ he can react more appropriately on such occasions.
a. what b. which c. that d. how
【解析】d考查宾语从句用法。句意“作为一个新的外交家，他常常想到在这样的场合下，他如何才能作出更恰当的反应”。可知选d符合。
11.（09四川）8. news came from the school office ________wang lin had been admitted to beijing university.
a. which b. what c. that d. where
【解析】c 在该题中that引导了一个同位语从句来解释说明news的内容，由于该题把同位语从句后置了，所以很多考生由于不能正确分析句子结构而错误选择了d项。
【专题突破】要求学生在做题中要注意如下几点：1.分析结构，辨析名词性从句和状语从句；2.理解句意，正确区别引导词；3.按照句意，出现那个引导词意思，便选择那个引导词。
1.there is a common belief among them ___rubbish can and should be put to good use .
a. which b. if c. whose d. that
2.__ has been mentioned above, continued chairman after he took a sip of coffee, ____ the project must be carried out before spring flood comes.
a. as; that b. that; which c. this; which d. it; that
3. david beckham has ___it take to become a professional football player.
a.who b.what c.which d.that
4. nobody would stand out admitting the fact, for some reason, they lost the game.
a. that b. which c. what d. why
5.--- the patient looks much better. is it that has made him he is today?
--- perhaps the special medicine and his family’s patient care.
a.what; that b.that; that c.what; what d.what; which
6. after three hours’ climbing , they reached they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of .
a.what b.which c.where d.that
7. a plan has been put forward __ more graduates should go to work in the country
a. when b. that c. whether d. how
8.it is pretty well understood __________controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
a.that b.when c.what d.how
9.there is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ____________ road conditions need ____________.
a. that; to be improved b. which; to be improved
c. where; improving d. when; improving
10.______ made the school proud was ______ more that 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
a.what…because b.what…that c.that…what d.that…because
11.— are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
— oh, that’s ____________.
a. what makes me feel excited b. whatever i feel excited about
c. how i feel about it d. when i feel excited
12.you are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ________ i disagree.
a. why b. where c. what d. how
13.the road is covered with snow. i can’t understand ________ they insist on going by motor-bike.
a. why b. whether c. when d. how
参考答案和解析：
1.【解析】d “___rubbish can and should be put to good use .”是a common belief的同位语从句，从句中意思完整，结构完整。
2.【解析】a“__ has been mentioned above”是定语从句，而“____ the project must be carried out before spring flood comes.”是动词continued的宾语从句，宾语从句中句意和结构都完整，故选that，结合第一个空，得答案a.
3.【解析】b “_______ it takes to be a professional footballer”做has的宾语，宾语从句中缺少takes的宾语。句意“贝克拥有成为一名职业足球运动员所需要的品质”
4.【解析】a“_______ they lost the game.”在句子中做the fact 的同位语从句，从句意思结构完整，结构完整。
5.【解析】c先将句子结构理清楚，it is ___that has made him ___he is today 就可以判断，第一个空是考察强调句型的特殊疑问形式；第二个空则是表语从句，表语从句中缺少he is的表语。句意：病人好多了，是什么使得他成为现在这个样子。
6.【解析】a考生误以为是地点状语从句，误选c.where。而reached是及物动词，后边接的是宾语从句，宾语从句除去插入语they thought，应该缺主语。
7.【解析】b 考察同位语从句，表达a plan的具体内容，has been put forward将名词与从句隔开，加大了难度。
8.【解析】c 主要测试主语从句。分析句子结构可知：句子属于形式主语格式；另外主句中缺少主语。双重作用的引导词只能是what。例如：it is still doubtful what he said at the meeting yesterday。昨天他在会上说的话仍然值得怀疑。
9.【解析】c 主要测试同位语从句。由句子语境可知句意；有个新的问题卷入私家车行列：道路状况需要改进。结合同位语从句的定义可知：问题的具体内容既是：到了状况需要改进。因此属于该句型结构。例如：there was a new problem put forward at the meeting where we could get the loan。会议上提出一个新问题，我们到哪儿弄到贷款。
10.【解析】b主要测试主语从句和表语从句。分析句子结构可知：句子______ made the school proud 缺少主语，另外还要引导主语从句，故此只能选择what，由此先排除c、d两答案。再结合句子______ more that 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities结构完整不缺少成分，只需要引导词。句子意思：让我们学校自豪的是百分之九十多的学生被重点大学录取。
11.【解析】a 主要测试表语从句。此试题测试的重点在于表语从句及起引导词。句子意思：——你仍在考虑昨天的比赛吗？———哦，那正是让我感到兴奋的地方。可以利用排除法：b、c、d三个答案中结构或句子意思不符合语境。
12.【解析】c主要测试表语从句。解题的关键在于分清句子中动词disagree的词性：不及物动词。句子意思：你说每个人应该平等，这正是我不同意的地方。
13.【解析】a 主要测试宾语从句。充分把握题干挖掘所有可能存在的信息。意思：路上有积雪。我不理解他们为何坚持骑摩托车去。此题可以结合语境及答案两方面，逐一排查寻找最佳答案。充分注意所给答案能够充当句子什么成分这也是解题的关键。
【学法导航】考生对于名词性从句的复习和应试关键要把握每个引导词的意义，因为在对于名词性从句的考查中，引导词在句子中都起作用，有意义，因此在分析句子结构，对比辨别名词性从句、状语从句、强调句式后，最后还是要选择引导词；另外还要注意以下几点：
1.what 引导词的考查，尤其位于介词后引导的宾语从句以及引导名词性从句时的双重作用。
2.whether和if 的区别，尤其注意他们的不同之处。
3.名词性从句和其它从句的兼容结构测试。
4.句子语序和时态。
具体说：
1.掌握名词性从句的分类功能
名词性从句根据其在主句的功能作用又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1)若从句在句中作主语为主语从句
what he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.(nmet93)
2.)若从句在句中作宾语为宾语从句
i remember when this used to be a quiet village.(nmet93)
3.)若从句在句中作表语为表语从句
-i drove to zhuhai for the air show last week.
-is that why you had a few days off?(nmet99)
4)若从句在句中作同位语为同位语从句
we will discuss the question whether we will go there or not.
2.掌握连词的含义及分类
绝大多数名词性从句的连词都有其实在意义，称为有义连词，如what表“……的内容”，when表“……的时间”，where表“……的地点”，why表“……的原因”，how表“如何；怎样”，who表“谁”，if、whether表“是否”；没有实在意义的连词叫无义连词，无义连词只有that一个。
3.掌握名词性从句的语序
名词性从句用陈述语序。
4.掌握名词性从句和其它从句之间的关系
有些连词除引导名词性从句外还可引导其它从句，应掌握它们之间的关系。
1)if ,whether表"是否"时引导名词性从句；if表“如果”时引导条件状语从句；whether表“无论是否；不管是否”时引导让步状语从句。
2)when表“……的时间”，where表“……的地方”时引导名词从句；when表“当……的时候”引导时间状语从句，where表“……的地方”，且修饰行为动词时，引导地点状语从句；when,where从句作定语修饰先行词时引导定语从句。
【专题综合】1.we can not figure out ____quit a number of insects ,birds ,and animals are dying out .
a. that b. as c. why d. when
2. after yang liwei succeeded in circling the earth ,___our astronauts desire to do is walk in space .
a. where b. what c. that d. how
3. mary wrote an article on ____the team had failed to win the game .
a. why b. what c. who d. that
4. the place __ the bridge is supposed to be built should be ____the cross-river traffic is the heaviest .
a. which; where b. at which ;which
c. at which ;where d. which ;in which
5. the shopkeeper didn’t want to sell for __he thought was not enough .
a where b. how c. what d. which
6. a warm thought suddenly came to me ___i might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .
a. if b. when c. that d. which
7. see the flag on top of the building ? that was ___ we did this morning .
a when b. which c. where d. what
8. the government has announced that a modern city will be set up in ____is still a wasteland now .
a. what b. which c. that d. where
9.many people wrote articles on ___liu xiang had failed to compete in the event .
a. why b. what c. who d. that
10.the couple are spending their holiday on __is described as one of the most beautiful islands .
a. that b. what c. which d. where
11.the book is meant to ___needs it .
a. who b. whoever c. whomever d. whom
12.in his speech, premier wen jiabao points out that creativity is __it takes to keep a nation highly competitive .
a. how b. what c. which d. that
13.the experience of the chinese nation attests to a truth____ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress
a. that what b. what c. that d. what that
14.___has recently been done to provide more buses for the people ,a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem .
a.that b.what c.in spite of what d.though what
15.____is certain is ___prevention is more important than treatment .
a.it;that b.what;that c.as;what d.what;what
参考答案和解析：
1.【解析】c figure out后接宾语从句，根据从句要表达的意思“为什么很多昆虫，鸟，和动物在逐渐灭绝”
2.【解析】b“our astronauts desire to do”是主语从句，从句中缺少do的宾语
3.【解析】a“the team had failed to win the game”是词on的宾语从句，从句中不缺主干，故排除b和c.再根据句意 “为什么这个队没能赢”
4.【解析】c“he bridge is supposed to be built”是定语从句，修饰名词place。“he cross-river traffic is the heaviest”组在句中做表语，表语从句引导词中没有in which，两空结合
5.【解析】c.那位店主不愿意以他认为不够高的价格出售他的商品。本题考察宾语从句的用法。难度在于“he thought”的干扰。从句中缺少主语故选c. what
6.【解析】c.句意：我脑海中突然出现一个温情的念头，用我的零花钱给妈妈买些鲜花作为她的生日礼物。本题考察名词性从句用法。i might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .做a warm thought 的同位语从句。中间被suddenly came to me隔开，增加了试题难度。此外，部分考生由于对同位语从句和定语从句不分，故错选d为答案
7.【解析】d表语从句中缺did的宾语。
8.【解析】a “____is still a wasteland now .”做介词in的宾语从句，从句中缺主语句意为：政府已经宣布一座现代化的城市将在这片现在仍是废墟的地方建成。
9.【解析】a“___liu xiang had failed to compete in the event .”做介词on的宾语，宾语从句中不缺主干，故排除b和c。另外that不引导介词的宾语从句（固定搭配除外），所以排除d。
10【解析】b “__is described as one of the most beautiful islands .”宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，
11.【解析】b whoever在宾语从句中做主语，部分学生，因为只看到介词to，误认为要添whomever做介词的宾语。
12【解析】b “__it takes to keep a nation highly competitive .”做表语从句，从句中缺少takes的宾语，构成 it takes sth to do sth 结构。
13【解析】a本题句子结构比较复杂，“____ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress”做a truth的同位语从句，同位语从句中____ a nation loses in times of disaster为主语从句。本句共有两个从句，故有两个引导词。句意为“中华民族的经验证明了一个真理，即，一个民族在灾难中失去的，必将从民族的进步中得到补偿。
14.【解析】c “___has recently been done to provide more buses for the people”在句中做让步状语，而d. though what错误，因为，一个单一的从句不能用两个连词引导。句意：尽管在为人们提供更多公交车这件事上，投入了很多，但是公交工具的缺乏，仍然是个问题。
15【解析】b “____is certain”在句中做主语，主语从句缺少一个主语，需要用what; “___prevention is more important than treatment .”系表语从句，句意与结构完整，只有that,可以这样用。
（精品推荐）XX届高考二轮复习英语学案--专题二 代词和数词
【典例精析】
1. （ 浙江卷） it is reported that the floods have left about _________ people homeless.
a. two thousand b. two-thousands c. two thousands d. two thousands of
【解析】a 考查数词用法。量词前用基数词修饰量词保持原来形式，不变复数；如后面用of量词用复数，但前面不用基数词修饰
2.（全国卷i，30）—which of the two computer games did you prefer?
—actually i didn’t like ______.
a. both of them b. either of them c. none of them d. neither of them
【解析】b句意：——这两个电子游戏你更喜欢哪一个？——实际上我连个都不喜欢。not…either…两者都不…...,是半否定，不合语境；none 指代三者以上，和第一句中的the two computer games相矛盾；d项意思相反
3.（天津卷，5）to know more about the british museum, you can use the internet to go to the library, or _______.
a. neither b. some c. all d. both
【解析】d句意：为了更多地了解有关大英博物馆的信息，你可以通过网络或图书馆，也可以两者都用来获取信息。neither两者都不；some一些；all三者或三者以上都；both两者都
4.（辽宁卷，26） —could you tell me how to get to victoria street?
—victoria street? ______ is where the grand theatre is.
a. such b. there c. that d. this
【解析】c句意：——你能告诉我怎么到达维多利亚大街吗？——维多利亚大街？（那）就在大戏院哪里。这里实际上是要选一个词来代替文中提到的victoria street。such 这，这些；there那儿，均不符合题意。that 可表示上文提到的不可数名词或可数名词的特指，符合题意。this明显不符题意
5. （安徽卷，21）the two girls are getting on very well and share _______ with each other.
a. little b. much c. some d none
【解析】b句意：这两个女儿相处的非常融洽，她们有许多共同的志趣。本题考察不定代词的用法，little少；much多；some 一些；none没有一个，毫无。由are getting on very well“相处融洽“可知正确答案应该为b
6.（09四川）i like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but i don’t have enough money to buy__________.
a. one b. it c. this d. that
【解析】b。 意思是：我喜欢这个前面有一个美丽花园的房子，但是我没有足够多的钱去把它买下来。第一句话中的this house表明在该语境中是特指的用法，所以答案为it，表示特指。该题容易误选one，要注意的是one表示泛指。
7.（09山东）i felt so bad all day yesterday that i decided this morning i couldn’t face ________ day like that.
a. other b. another c. the other d. others
【解析】b 考查与other 相关的单词的区别，由题意知：我昨天一整天感到很糟糕，以至于我今天早晨决定我不会面对那样的一天。是指在未来的日子中的一天，故用another.
8.（09陕西） jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didn’t answer of them.
a. other b. any c. none d. some
【解析】b 考查不定代词。所填词与not构成全部否定，四个选项中只有any与not可以构成not any，等于none，表全部否定，故选b。
9.（09全国2卷）23. charles was alone at home, with looking after him.
a. someone b. anyone c. not one d. no one
【解析】d 考查不定代词的用法。按照句意：查理兹一人在家，没有人照顾他，依据独立主格结构d符合。
10.（09全国2 ）24。the cds are on sale! buy one and you get completely free.
a. other b. others c. one d. ones
【解析】c 考查不定代词的用法。按照句意：此处为买一送一，表示泛指意义的同类东西，故选c符合
11.（09北京）being a parent is not always easy, and being the parent of a child with special needs often carries with ___extra stress.
a. it b. them c. one d. him
【解析】a 该句话的意思是：作为一个父母并非总是一件容易的事，但是作为一个有特殊需求的父母来说就需要有更多的额外的压力。it特指being the parent of a child with special needs这件事
12.（09上海）－wow! you’ve got so many clothes.
－but _____ of them are in fashion now .
a. all b. both c. neither d. none
【答案】d
13.（09浙江）－i’ve read another book this week.
－well, maybe _____ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
this b. that c. there d. it
【答案】d
14.（09重庆）22. over the past 20 years, the internet helped change our world in_____ way or another for the better.
a. any b. one c. every d. either
【答案】b
15.（09江苏）25. nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with __ of their parents.
a. those b. one c. both d. that
【解析】d考查代词用法。 代替上文提到的in their approach to educating their children
【专题突破】
代词做题技巧点拨：注意分析句子结构，理清指代关系，联系语境把握指代意思，已经不定代词的基本用法。
数词词做题技巧点拨：把握基本用法，按照规律、规则来做即可
1. i will appreciate ______ if you can give me a hand.
a.this b.that c.it d.one
2. ______ has already been pointed out, only by correcting mistakes, can you make progress.
a.it b.as c.that d.what
3. all of us want very much to see these amusing movies，especially _____ you referred to just now.
a.any b.it c.the one d.one
4. --- did you find the pen yesterday?
--- no, i didn’t find ________, but i have bought ________.
a. it; it b. one; it c. it; one d. one; one
5. we've got two tv sets, but we still can't watch anything because ______ works properly.
a.neither b.either c.each d.none
6. some tourists think that the beauty of mountains is greater than ______ of deserts.
a.one b.those c.the one d.that
7.——have you any money on you? i need some badly.
——sorry, but ______ at all .
a. not b. nothing c. none d. quite a little
8. i found ______ possible to answer all the questions within the given time.
a. that b. it c. this d. what
9. --- can i help you ?
--- i’d like to buy a present for my best friend, _______at proper price but of great use.
a. that b. one c. it d. this
10. is ________ man’s ability to reason that sets him apart from other animals?
a. one b. this c. it d. /
11. how long do you think ___________ the microsoft brings out a new product?
a.it will be before b.will it be until
c.will it be when d.it will be that
12. ---do you have new concept english ⅵ in your shop?
---yes, but no more than one copy. would you like to take ______?
a.it b them c.some d.one
13. --- how long will you be staying? .
--- i don’t know. .
a. that’s ok b. never mind
c. it depends d. it doesn’t matter
14.一when did you learn the news that obama made a trip to canada as president?
一 ____ was on my return.
a.that b.it c.there d.this
15. he didn’t make ______ clear when and where the meeting would be held.
a.this b.that c.it d.these
16.—does _____please you to give gifts to others?
—sure.
a.it b.that c.one d.he
17. though we found _____difficult to avoid economic and financial crisis, we must take measures to reduce its negative impact.
a.it b.one c.that d.how
18.—do you think_____ worthwhile to go all the way to los angles to buy that computer?
—well ,i’m going to visit some relatives, too.
a.it b./ c.this d.that
19. no one knows exactly when our ancestors started talking，but new evidence suggests _______might have happened a long time ago.
a.which b. what c.it d.they
20. really great people always see the best in others; it is the little man who looks for the worst and finds.
a.one b.it c.that d.them
21. ____people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.
a. several million b. many millions
c. several millions d. many million
参考答案和解析
1.【解析】c it作动词appreciate的宾语，其它三项不符合题意。
2.【解析】b关系代词as引导定语从句时，通常用于固定搭配。
3.【解析】c one可以用来指代前面提到的人或事物。you referred to just now修饰one，因此要用the one 表示特指。
4.【解析】c 用it 表示同类事物，特指前面提到的那支笔。在第二个空中，用one表示某一只笔。
5.【解析】a neither两者都不；either两者之一；each 每个；none三者或三者以上都不。根据题意，应选a。
6.【解析】d one可以用来指代前面提到的人或事物，the one特指，均不符合题意。that 可表示上文提到的不可数名词或可数名词的特指，这里that代替的是不可数名词beauty，符合题意；those为复数形式，不合题意。
7.【解析】c none没有一点，毫无；nothing没有任何东西；not at all固定搭配“根本不” quite a little 一点。根据题意，应选c。意思是我此时一点钱也没有
8.【解析】 b it作found的形式宾语，真正的宾语是to answer all the questions within the given time.，possible作it的补语。
9.【解析】b one可以用来指代前面提到的人或事物，此句中指代a present，one作present的同位语。
10.【解析】c本题考查it引导的强调句用法，it……that……句型。
11.【解析】a.本句是一个特殊疑问句，前面有do you think插入语，应该用陈述语序，因此排除bc，根据句意可知应该是“微软公司研制出一种新产品需要花费多长时间”，不是考查强调句型，因此应选a
12.【解析】a 根据句意可以得知，店中只有一本了，故用it表示上文出现的内容。
13.【解析】c根据句意可以得知，不清楚停留多长时间，因此用it depends.（看情况而定）
14【解析】b根据句意可以得知，问的是时间，it可以指代时间，属于it的实指用法。
15.【解析】c本题中，it用作形式宾语指代when and where the meeting would be held从句。
16.【解析】a 本题中，it用作形式主语，代替to give gifts to others
17.【解析】a it在句中用作形式宾语，代替后文的to avoid economic and financial crisis
18.【解析】a 在本句中，it为形式宾语，代替下文的to go all the way to los angles to buy that computer。而其他选项不能作形式宾语。
19.【解析】c it在句中指时间，属于实指。
20.【解析】b 根据句意可以得知“伟人常常看到别人的最好的一面，而小人则只看到了别人不最好的一面”it此处特指上文的the worst
21.【解析】a 本题考查的是million表示确切数量的用法。million前需用数表确切数量，而不用many这类词，但可说many millions of（上百万的），故本题中用several million。
【学法导航】对于代词的学习要抓住代词的特点和用法，可以从以下几方面入手来把握代词的解题规律：
1.明确指代。在解答代词题目时，我们应首先分析前后文，明确代词所指代的对象，从而避免误判。具体说来应从以下几方面考虑：
（1）代词指代的是人还是物；
（2）代词指代的是可数名词还是不可数名词；
（3）代词指代的是特指还是泛指概念；
（4）代词指代的概念是表示两者之间还是三者或三者以上。
（5）代词所表示的是肯定还是否定概念。
2.理清逻辑。需要通过分析上下文所蕴涵的逻辑关系才能做出正确判断。具体说来应从以下方面去考虑：
（1）代词所表示的范围；
（2）代词表示的是全部否定还是部分否定。
3 吃透语境。有些高考试题考查的是代词在具体语境中的灵活运用，这样的题目须分析具体的语境才能选出正确答案，忌死抠语法。
对于数词的复习只要掌握牢记基本规则用法即可，对它的考查非常固定就是正常的倍数、百分数、分数的表示法；当然在复习备考中要熟记规律，牢记词条，多做有针对性题目，就能很好地突破
【专题综合】
1. ——excuse me, i want to have my watch fixed, but i can’t find a repair shop.
——i know nearby. come on, i’ll show you.
a. one b. it c. some d. that
2. the parkers bought a new house, but_____will need a lot of work before they can move in.
a. they b. it c. one d. which
3. some people would rather ride bikes as bike ridding has_____ of the trouble of taking buses.
a. nothing b. none c. some d. neither
4. ——which of the two books do you want?
—— i want . please show me .
a. none; another b. all; the other c. neither; the other d. neither; another
5. who can you turn to in time of danger, it not .
a. any b. us c. we d. ours
6. ——there must be a dozen pens in this house but i can never find one when i need one.
——keep looking. ____ is sure to turn up.
a. one b. it c. that d. this
7.the best job is _____which uses your skill in doing something together with your interest in the subject.
a. something b. the one c. one d. it
8. ——your coffee smells great！
——it’s from mexico. would you like ?
a. it b. some c. this d. little
9.if you can dream _____ , you can do _____.
a. one; it b. it; one c. one; one d. it; it
10. mr ascot, headmaster of the school, refused to accept ______of the three suggestions made by the students’ union.
a. either b. neither c. any d. none
11. i’m afraid we can’t have coffee; there’s _____ left.
a. nothing b. none c. no one d. no any
参考答案和解析
1.【解析】a one用来代替刚提到的人或一种可数的物，it也指刚刚提到过的事物，但指同一个，c、d显然不符合题意。
2.【解析】b it在句子中的指代the parkers所买的房子。在英语中，如果所指的是同种事物要用代词it和they（them）；如果指代的是同一类事物要用代词one和ones。
3.【解析】b nothing是不定代词，不能放在介词of的前面：neither（两者）都不；some与句子的意思不符，都不能作为答案。none of the trouble of taking buses没有乘公共汽车的麻烦。
4.【解析】d答语意为：“两本我都不要，请给我另外一本。”其他三个选项不定代词表达的数上或意思上与问候语相矛盾。
5.【解析】b turn to sb. 表示“向……请求帮助”。从句是个省略句。if not us即if you don’t turn to us.
6.【解析】a 此处one特指上文提到的“the one i need”。
7.【解析】c 该句中缺少一个先行词，a，b项也可做先行词，但引导词应用that，因此正确选项为c。
8.【解析】b文中指的是“一些咖啡”，a it表示全部咖啡，不合理，c this指“这个”不修饰不可数名词，在句中不能单独使用，故排除a，c。
9.【解析】d if you can dream it, you can do it意思是如果你能想到你就能做到，it和one作代词时，one指代前已提到过的可数名词的单数形式，复数用ones，而it即可指代可数名词也可指代不可数名词。
10.【解析】c none 和 neither 表否定，与句中的 refused to acept这一语境不符。在 either 与 any 两个选项中，either 指两者，与句中的 three suggestions 不符。故只能选 any，指三者中的任意一个。
11.【解析】b nothing 指“什么也没有”；none 指数量上的“一点(个)也没有”。注：回答 how much 和 how many 时要用 none，而不用 nothing，道理同。
XX高考二轮复习英语学案专题四 介词和连词
【典例精析】1.（安徽，23）fred entered without knocking and, very out of breath, sank _______ a chair.
a. on b. off c. into d. to
【解析】c 考查介词的用法。句意为：fred没有敲门就闯进来了，然后气喘吁吁地坐到椅子上。sink into (a chair) 表示“沉下、沉落、陷入”。
2.（北京，33）if you really have to leave during the meeting, you’d better leave ____ the back door.
a. for b. by c. across d. out
【解析】b考查介词。for为了；by借助，通过；across通过（平面）；out出去。根据句意：如果你必须在会议期间离开，你最好从后门出去。
3.（福建，23）a great man shows his greatness ________ the way he treats little men.
a. under b. with c. on d. by
【解析】d考查介词的用法。by (表示方式)通过； 凭借。句意为：一位伟人通过他对待普通人的方式来展示出他的伟大。
4.（湖北，30）30. when she first arrived in china, she wondered what the future might have_________for her, but now all her worries are gone. （•湖北）
a. in need b. in time c. in preparation d. in store
【解析】d考查介词短语。in need需要；in time及时；in preparation在准备中；in store将要发生，就要出现，储备着。从句中的the future可知，应选择d。
5.（湖南，27） ---when did you last hear _____ jay?
---he phoned me this morning, and we agreed____ a time and place to meet.
a of, to b about, with c. from, with d. from, on
【解析】d考查介词与动词的搭配。第一个空是考查hear from“接到某人的来信”，第二个空考查agree on“在某方面达成一致意见”。
6.（辽宁，33）i like mr. miner’s speech; it was clear and___the point.
a. at b. on c. to d. of
【解析】c本题考查介词与名语构成的短语。to the point意思为“切中要点”。
7.（宁厦，24）let’s learn to use the problem we are facing a stepping-stone to future success.
a. to b. for c. as d. by
【解析】c本题句意为：让我们学习使用我们正面临的问题作为未来成功的奠基石。as “作为”，短语use...as...把……当作。
8.（全国2，15）modern equipment and no smoking are two of the things i like ____ working here.
a. with b. over c. at d. about
【解析】d介词辨析。从题意来看，就选择“关于”，而四个选项中只有about有此义。
9.（陕西，19）elizabeth has already achieved success ___ her wildest dreams.
a. at b. beyond c. within d. upon
【解析】b考查介词辨析。根据achieved success和wildest可以推断出此处所填介词意思是：超出，为……所不及，选b；at表示“点”；within表示“在……里”；d项等于on，意思是：依靠，凭借。
10.（上海，25）the two sportsmen congratulated each other ______ winning the match by shaking hands.
a. with b. on c. in d. to
【解析】b本题考查介词与动词的固定搭配。congratulate sb. on sth. 因为。而恭喜某人。
11.（天津，10） many chinese universities provided scholarships for students ______ financial aid.
a. in favour of b. in honour of c. in face of d. in need of
【解析】d介词短语辨析。in favour of支持；in honour of为庆祝，纪念；in face of面对；in need of需要。根据句意：许多中国的大学为需要财政援助的学生提供奖学金。
12.（天津，15）at the railway station, the mother waved goodbye to her daughter until the train was _______.
a. out f sight b. out f reach c. out of order d. out of place
【解析】a 本题考查介词短语辨析。out of sight看不见，在视野之外；out of reach够不着，达不到；out of order运转不正常，出毛病； out of place不在适当的位置， 不恰当。从句意可以看出，应选a。
13.（09湖南）7. ______ the police thought he was the most likely one, since they had no exact proof about it, they could not arrest him.
a. although b. as long as c. if only d. as soon as
【解析】a 考查从属连词的用法。根据句意，引导让步状语从句。故选a。
14.（09四川）16. owen wouldn’t eat anything ____________ he cooked it himself
a. until b. since c. unless d. while
【解析】c考查连词的区别。该句的意思是：欧文不吃任何东西，除非这种东西是他自己
15.（09浙江）19.the medicine works more effectively ______ you drink some hot water after taking it.
a. as b. until c. although d. if
【解析】d 考查连词用法。句意：服药后喝点热水，效果会跟好；由此可知此处有“如果；假如”的意思，故选d引导表示条件的状语从句。
【专题突破】介词和连词做题技巧点拨：牢记介词基本用法，把握易混介词辨析，掌握使用介词的固定搭配即可；对于连词的突破方法应该分析句式，理解句意，按照语境、句意辨析连词，每个连词在句中均含有意义，故有某个连词的意思，即选用该连词即可。
1. everyone in this country enjoys the same right ______ religion, race or sex.
a.regardless of b.in view of c.in spite of d.in case of
2. bill always seems so confident, but ________ he’s extremely shy.
a.in vain b.in contrast c.in reality d.in surprise
3. _____ the fact that he is a star on stage now, this young man is still shy and talks little.
a.by means of b.in spite of c.in face of d.apart from
4. the plains indians believe in the great spirit who has power _____all things including animals, trees, stones and clouds.
a.of b.at c.over d.in
5. the winter of was extremely bad._____ most of people say it was the worst winter of their lives.
a.in general b.in a word c.in all d.in fact
6.—the authors of computer viruses are geniuses.
—i agree. if they applied their wisdom to other net technology ____human beings can benefit, it would be better.
a.in which b.through which c.from which d.during which
7. it’s quite_____me why such things have been allowed to happen.
a.for b.behind c.against d.beyond
8. ________ the numbers in employment，the hotel industry was the second largest industry in this country last year.
a.in spite of b.in case of c.in terms of d.in praise of
9. too bad—— i missed the early train _____ only a few minutes!
a.by b.in c.at d.after
10. can’t you notice that there is little time left? please tell me the whole thing .
a.in case b.in brief c.in total d.in detail
10. pleasant music is often played ____classes to make students refreshed and relaxed for a while.
a.between b.among c.over d.after
11. --- would you please tell me what time it is?
--- it’s five minutes to nine_______my watch.
a.on b.by c.at d.in
12. _________ the fact that he was not a trained economist, his achievements were remarkable.
a.in spite of b.in case of c.in view d.in favor of
13. i’m sorry, _____ i won’t be able to come tonight.
a. for. b. and c. but. d. then
14. the point is not who said the words, _____ they are true or not.
a. but whether b. and whether c. but how d. and how
15. just because they make more money than i do, _____ they seem to look down on me.
a. so b. and c. but d. 不填
16.. although he had only entered the contest for fun, _____ he won first prize.
a. but b. andw c. even d. 不填
17. when the last prize had been awarded _____ everybody cleared off.
a. and b. so c. or d. 不填
参考答案及解析
1.【解析】a 考查介词短语的用法。regardless of不管，不顾；in view of由于，鉴于；in spite of虽然，尽管；in case of万一，如果，防备。根据题意应选择a。
2.【解析】c考查介词短语。in vain白费地，徒劳；in contrast相比之下； in reality实际上，现实上；in surprise惊奇地。题意：比尔好象总是很自信，但是事实上，他相当地害羞。因此选择c。
3.【解析】b考查介词短语。by means of用，依靠； in spite of虽然，尽管； in face of面临； apart from脱离，除此之外。根据题意：尽管他现在在舞台上是一个名星的事实，但是这个年青人仍然害羞且言谈少。因此，选择b。
4.【解析】c考查介词的用法。over有“超过，高于”的意思。
5.【解析】d考查介词短语。in general一般而言，总的来说；in a word总之；in all总共，总计；in fact事实上。根据句意：XX年的冬天是相当冷的。大多数人都说这是他们有生以来最严寒的冬天。从两句来分析，应选择d项。
6.【解析】c考查介词与关系词引导的定语从句。benefit from通过……获利。因此，选择c项。
7.【解析】d考查介词的用法。beyond超出…的范围； 超过； 对…来说太难， 非…所能及。for对于，因为，由于；behind在……后面；against与…方向相反， 逆着， 迎着， 顶着。句意：我很难相信为什么那样的事情被允许发生。
8.【解析】c 考查介词短语。in spite of虽然，尽管；in case of万一，如果；in terms of就……而言，从……方面来说；in praise of赞扬……。从句意来看，应选择c项。
9.【解析】a考查介词的用法。by (表示程度)以…之差，符合题意。句意：太糟了——我仅以几分钟之差错过了了早班火车。
10.【解析】b考查介词短语。in case以防，以免； in brief简而言之；in total总计，合计； in detail详细地。句意：难道你没有注意到仅有很少的时间剩下吗？请简单地告诉我整件事情。
10.【解析】a考查介词的用法。在课间，应使用介词between。
11.【解析】b考查介词的固定搭配。by my watch根据我的表。
12.【解析】a考查介词短语。in spite of尽管，虽然；in case of如果，万一；in view被考虑；被期待；in favor of支持。根据句意：尽管他不是一位受训的经济师，他的成就是非凡的。
13.【解析】c事实上，i’m sorry 后习惯上不接表示原因的连词 for，而接表示转折的连词 but（也可省略 but），用以委婉地提出一个使对方不快的事实。本题容易误选a，因为空格后的句子是用以说明 i’m sorry 的原因的，所以便想当然地认为要选for来表示原因。
14.【解析】a 此题涉及两个搭配：一是 not … but …（不是……而是……），二是 whether … or not （是否）。几个干扰项均有可能误选。
15.【解析】d 但是按英语语法，because 为从属连词，用以引导原因状语从句，它表明整个句子为复合句；而 so 在表示“所以”时，它是并列连词，用以连接两个简单句使之成为并列句。由于在同一句中既用了从属连词 because，又用了并列连词 so，使得该句一半像复合句，一半像并列句，从而导致错误。正确的做法是，任意去掉 because 和 so 中的一个，使之要么成为复合句，要么成为并列句。 但容易误选a，将汉语的“因为……所以……”直译为 because … so …。
16.【解析】d容易误选a，将汉语的“虽然……但是……”直译为 although … but …。
17..【解析】d句首 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句，它暗示整个句子为复合句；而so, and, or 为并列连词，无论选哪一个，都表明整个句子为并列句，从而导致前后矛盾，所以a、b、c均不能选择。故答案选d，everybody cleared off 为整个复合句的主句。防止误选a.
【学法导航】介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，在高考英语中出现的频率较高。从近几年的高考试题来分析，在介词的复习过程中，要把握重点，弄清疑点、混点即可。突破的重点要放在以下几个方面：
1.常见介词的用法，以及常见介词的辨析。
2.介词与动词、形容词所构成的短语要熟记。
3.介词加关系代词引导的定语从句中，介词的选用要重点注意。
同学们做题时要注意以下几个地方：
1.表示时间时不用介词的情况：
（1）表示时间的词前有one/any/each/every/some/all/this/that等时。
（2）表示时间的词前有tomorrow/yesterday/the day before/the day after等时。
（3）当以现在为起点，谈论last和next时，last和next前不用介词。
2、几组常用介词的用法区别：
（1）in与at一般小地方用at,大地方用in。
（2）in 与on表一般时间用in,表具体时间用on。
（3）besides与except besides表示“除……外（还有）”；except表示“（只有）除外”；except for“除了……”，表示部分地修正主体，引导短语；except that引导从句。
（4）in,to与on 表示在某范围之内用in;表示在某范围之外用to;表示“相邻，接壤”时用on.
使用连词要注意它的特点：就是在句子中有自己的意义，把握意思，吻合语境即可。在做题时再注意以下几点：
1、though/although不能与but同时连用，但可以与yet连用。
2、because 与so不能同时连用。the reason why…is后通常用that而不用because.
3、注意并列连词连接的必须是平行的词、词组、短语或分句。
4、注意某些动词后的连词。
（1）discuss后一般不跟连词if所引导的从句。
（2）doubt后连词的用法 ：一般在否定句和疑问句中，doubt后习惯跟that引导的从句；在肯定句中，doubt后面习惯跟whether或if引导的从句。如：
5、whether与if的区别：
【专题综合】
1.the visit of the police was not connected ____ the lost child.
a. by b. with c. to d. in
2.though _____ my opinion, my mother didn’t say anything to show that she agreed with me.
a. against b. on c. for d. in
3.scientists have shown that there is a connection ____ cigarette smoking and certain diseases.
a. with b. between c. to d. for
4.as a lover of popular music, she enjoys listening to it _____ mp3.
a. in b. on c. with d. by
5.the kind-hearted couple decided to adopt the boy ____ parents had been killed in an accident.
a. of whom b. with whom c. on whom d. in whose
6.these two houses are similar _____ they both have a large garden with many kinds of flowers.
a. to that b. in which c. in that d. to which
7.the manager is talking with his secretary _____ the telephone. they usually keep in touch _____ telephone.
a. by ;on b. through; by c. on; on d. by ;with
8.he got to the bus station early, _____ missing the first bus .
a. in case of b. instead of c. for fear of d. in search of
9. he got to the station early,____________ missing his train.
a. in case of b. instead of c. for fear of d. in search of
10. the journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days.
a. of which b. during which c. from which d. for which
anderson starts to work very clearly in the morning and goes on working until late in the afternoon_____a break at midday.
a.with b.for c.as d.through
12.______the morning of that saturday,my mother together with me visited my father in prison.
a.in b.on c.at d.to
13.the study you have been making______the ancient characters is an instructive job.
a. to b. of c. for d. from
14.—what’s your favorite sport?
—jogging. i always run_______the river every morning .
a. around b. on c. along d. in
15.we need fifty more people______our team to do the job.
a. but b. as well c. except d. besides
16. the question of _____she’ll come back home will be setted.
a.if b.whether c.when d.what
17.between 1975 and 1977,the number of overseas visitors increased_____27%.
a. by b. for c.to d.in
18.child______she was ,she could do housework for her mother.
a.though b.althogh c.for d.because
19.does john know any other foreign languages_____french?
a.except b.but c.besides d.beside
20._____does he have to type out the answer on a computer,_____he gets the computer to translate it into sounds.
a. not only;but also b.either;or
c.both ;and d.as well as;but
21.when we design a building,we should provide an entrance suitable for wheelchair on the passage,_____lifts,suitable bathrooms and toilets.
a. except b.as well c.as well as d.but
22.were stories passed on from one person to another? many of the country people could_____read_____write.
a. both; and b. either; or
c. neither; nor d. not only; but also
23.—would you like to come to dinner tonight?
—i’d love to,______i’m too busy.
a.and b.so c.as d.but
参考答案及解析
1【解析】b考查介词与动词的搭配。be connected with... 与……有关。
2【解析】c考查介词的用法。从句意来看，尽管支持我的建议，我的母亲没有说任何事来表明她同意我的建议。
3【解析】b考查介词的用法。根据题中的cigarette smoking and certain diseases，可知是两者，因此应选择b项。
4【解析】b考查介词的固定搭配。on mp3在mp3上。
5【解析】a考查介词与关系词引导的定语从句。先行词the boy与parents之间是从属关系，因此选择a项。
6【解析】c考查介词与形容词的搭配。be similar in在某方面相似。that引导的从句作介词in的宾语。
7【解析】b考查介词的用法。by当“通过”讲时，其后不加冠词；through当“通过”讲时，其后加冠词。
8【解析】c考查介词短语。in case of以防，万一；instead of代替，相反；for fear of唯恐；in search of寻找。根据句意来看，应选择c项。
9【解析】c考查介词短语。in case of “以防，以免”；instead of “代替，而不是”；for fear of “害怕，唯恐”； in search of“搜寻”。句意为：他很早就到了火车站，唯恐错过他的火车。
10【解析】本题考查介词与关系代词引导的定语从句。根据句子分析，定语从句的先行词是nine months,226天的航行时间是其中的一部分，属于从属关系，因此应使用介词of
11【解析】a 介考查介词with结构。即with a break at midday是由“with+宾语+介词短语充当宾补”，在句中作状语。
12【解析】b 强调具体的那个星期六早上。表示在具体某星期几及具体某天上午、下午和晚上等都用介词on。
13【解析】b 考查介词的准确含义。根据句子结构可知you have been making____the ancient chinese characters作定语修饰the study,由此可以推导：主语the study作making的逻辑宾语，构成make the study of 搭配，相当于动词study,因此此空应选of.
14【解析】c 考查介词的准确含义。第二句：我每天早晨沿着河边慢跑。jogging意即“慢跑”。介词along表示“沿着”。其它不合句意。
15【解析】d besides表“除……外，还有”； except表“只有……除外”意同but ;as well也。
16【解析】b 根据句子意思“她回不回家这一问题将会解决”可排除c、d；又因whether引导的宾语从句可位于句首，if则不可，故选b。
17【解析】a表示增加或减少常用介词by;to表示增加或减少到。
18.【解析】a though引导的让步状语从句除了用陈述句语序外，也可用倒装语序。而although不可用于此句型。
19【解析】c ant other已暗示john了解french.
20【解析】、a not only引导的句子放于句首，要部分倒装，but also部分倒装。
21【解析】c并列连词as well as 表示“也、一样”的意思。
22【解析】d 并列连词not only …but also表示“不但…而且”。
23【解析】d 第二空表示“我想去，但我很忙”。表示转折含义。
（精品推荐）XX届高考二轮复习英语学案--专题十二 主谓一致
【典例精析】
1.（山东卷35）the country life he was used to ______ greatly since 1992.
a. change b. has changed c. changing d. have changed
【解析】b 考查主谓一致。分析句式找准主语为life主语，he used to定语修饰life，按照时态since决定时态，用现在完成时，故答案为b.
2.（上海卷31） professor smith, along with his assistants,______ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.
a. work b. working c. is working d. are working
【解析】c考查主谓一致。此处为语法一致，不要受along with his assistants的影响，故答案为c符合。
3.（辽宁卷21）nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside,_________ in the clothing industry.
a.is working b.works c.work d.worked
【解析】c考查主谓一致。分析句式找准主语为a large number of women，把握时态为一般现在时，故答案为c。
4. a poet and artist ________ coming to speak to us about chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.（XX年江苏高考）
a. is b. are c. was d. were
【解析】a考查主谓一致。a poet and artist为一个人，时态为一般现在时，故答案为a
5.most of what has been said about the smiths also ____true of the johnsons.（XX年安徽高考）
a.are b.is c.being d.to be
【解析】b考查主谓一致。分析句式找准主语most of what-----指说的内容，为不可数故答案为b，构成系表结构。
6. the company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third _______ used regularly. now we have 60 working all day long.（浙江）
a. is b. are c. was d. were
【解析】d考查主谓一致。主语为one-third，但省略了notebook computers，分数的主谓一致依据修饰的名词的数，故答案为d。
7.（09四川）15.the teacher together with the students ________ discussing reading skills that ________ newly published in america.
a. are; were b. is; were c. are; was d. is; was
【解析】b 考查主谓一致。a together with b作主语时谓语动词与a的单复数保持一致；第二空为定语从句that指代reading skills，由于reading skills是书名所以谓语动词用单数。
8.（09湖南）4. either you or one of your students ______ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
a. are b. is c. have d. be
【解析】b 主谓一致的用法。either …or…. 连接两个主语，按就近原则来确定谓语的单复数。one of your students 谓语应用单数形式。
【专题突破】考生做主谓一致的试题时要熟练掌握三大原则的具体用法，学会分析句式，把握特殊用法，注意如下两点：1. 主谓一致的考查主要体现在单项选择和短文改错两个题型中。同学们在练习和应试时，遇到这样的题时，要牢记主谓一致的三个基本原则。一定要根据句子内容抓住关键的主语部分，分析句式找准主谓，兼顾句子的时态和语态。
2. one of +复数名词做定语从句的先行词时，定语从句中的谓语动词与复数名词一致。 the only one of +复数名词做定语从句的先行词时，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。
1. —is there anybody in the classroom ?
—no, the teacher, together with the students _____ to the playground.
a. go b. went c. has gone d. have gone
2. —are these your sheep ?
—no. mine _____ on grass at the foot of the hill.
a. are feeding b. feed c. is fed d. is feeding
3. sitting at the back of the room but in front of some old men and women _____ a very shy girl with two bright eyes.
a. was b. are c. were d. there was
4. mr. bush, together with his wife and daughter _____ going to japan next week.
a. are b. is c. will be d. would be
5. not the teacher but the students _____ excited.
a. is b. has c. are d. have
6. as i have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that i can spare to talk with you.
a. are b. was c. is d. were
7. _____ of the land in that district _____ covered with trees and grass.
a. two fifth; is b. two fifths; are c. two fifth; are d. two fifths; is
8.he is the only one of the students who_______a winner of scholarship for three years.
a. is b. are c. have been d. has been
9.professor smith, along with his assistants,____ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.
a. work b. working c. is working d. are working
only ______interested in football but ______beginning to show an interest in it.
a. the teacher himself is … all his students are
b. the teacher himself is …are all his students
c. is the teacher himself …are all his students
d. is the teacher himself …all his students are
11.---“each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons,_____ to go to university.”
----“so do i.”
a. hope b. hopes c. hoping d. hoped
12.e-mail, as well as telephone,______ an important part in daily communication.
a. is playing b. have played c. are playing d. hoped
13.books of this kind ______ well.
a. sell b. sells c. are sold d. is sold
14.every possible means ______ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
a. is used b. are used c. has been used d. have been used
15.when and where to go for the on-salary holiday ______ yet.
a. are not decided b. have not been decided
c. is not being decided d. has not been decided
16.the number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _____ absent for different reasons.
a. were, was b. was, was c. was, were d. were, were
17.______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
a. two fifth…is b. two fifth…are c. two fifths…is d. two fifths…are
参考答案和解析：
1.【解析】 c 本题考查的主谓一致的内容与上一题相同，从句子的语境判断，应当用现在完成时。
2.【解析】 a mine指my sheep 为复数形式。是主动语态。
3.【解析】 a 本句为倒装句。主语是a very shy girl with two bright eyes.核心主语是a very shy girl，为单数，全句为过去时。
4.【解析】 b 全句的核心主语是mr. bush，为单数，全句为将来时。
5.【解析】 c 运用就近原则，谓语动词和主语the students 一致，此处为主系表结构，用be动词。
6.【解析】 c 主语ten minutes表示时间，被视为一个整体，为单数形式。全句是现在时。
7.【解析】 d 本句核心主语是land，为单数形式，同时注意分数的表达形式。
8.【解析】d这是一个定语从句。在one前是否有定冠词决定定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式：one of the students中的先行词是the students，定语从句中的谓语动词要用复数形式。the only one of the students中的先行词是the only one，定语从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。又因“for three years”是完成时的标志。
9.【解析】c professor smith决定谓语动词的数；his assistants和谓语动词的数无关。
10.【解析】d not only …but (also )连结两个句子，用部分倒装。
11.【解析】b “each of +名词复数”谓语用单数。
12.【解析】a本题考察主谓一致，当主语后面跟有as well as短语时，其后的谓语动词不受as well as之后的名词影响，仍然和主语在人称和数上保持一致。
13.【解析】a “kind(s) of + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数依kind 单复数而定；“复数名词 + of this/that kind ”作主语时，谓语动词的数依of 前面的名词而定。本题中sell 用作不及物动词表示“销售”。
14.【解析】c mean单数复数一个形式。在本题中代表单数。
15.【解析】d不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数。
16.【解析】c “the number of” 表示“……的数量”，谓语用单数；“a number of”表示“许多”，谓语用复数。
17.【解析】c 考察数词和主谓一致。分数词在句中作主语时，谓语动词必须跟分数词所修饰的名词保持数的一致。
【学法导航】在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应该与主语的人称和数保持一致，如何判定，则要看句子的意思。在多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思及强调的内容。具体来说，有就近原则；意义一致原则；整体原则；个体原则。掌握了这些原则，相信考生在今后的考试中就科以轻松地应对这一类型的考题。考生掌握了这四条原则后，再看到题目的话，相信很容易就可以明白试题的考试意图，并得到正确的答案！在做题的过程中总结原则，并把原则运用到试题中去，是一种很有效的学习策略，当然在复习中应该在老师的指导下，抓住重点来攻克，总之要抓住重点记忆，做题弄清主谓，把握时态语态即可：
（一）、复习时需重点注意的要点
1.集体名词看作整体时，谓语动词用单数，看作各个成员时，谓语用复数。如：
his family isn’t large.
his family are all fond of music.
2.些名词如news, maths, physics等虽然有词尾“s”但意义上是单数，谓语动词要用单数。如：the news is wonderful.
physics is an interesting subject.
3.由数词+表示重量、里程、时间、金钱等名词所构成的复数名词主语，是当作一个整体看待的，后面用单数动词。如：
five minutes is too short.
ten dollars is enough.
4.主语后面跟有介词with或together with 引导的短语时，谓语动词一般与前面的主语的人称和数一致。如：
the teacher together with ten students is doing an experiment in the lab.
5.主语当and连接的两个名词指同一人、同一事或同一概念时，and后面那个名词前没有冠词，谓语动词用单数。如：
the teacher and writer is respected by all the people around.
形容词＋and＋形容词＋名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：
social and political freedom are limited there
用and连接的单数名词，前面有each, every, many a, no修饰语时，谓语要用单数。如： every man，woman, and child is entitled to take part in the activity.
each pen and each paper is found in its place.
6.“one or two＋名词复数”,“one or more＋名词复数”作主语，谓语动词用复数。”“one/a＋单数名词or two”作主语，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数。如：
one or two books are needed.
one book or two is /are needed.
7.不定式短语、动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。如：
reading in the morning is good for learning english
但是，当and连接上述两个相同的结构时，谓语动词用复数。如：
reading books and playing table tennis are my great pleasure.
【专题综合】
1. but i know the government ________ his invention.
a. think highly b. speak high of c. sing highly d. thinks highly of
2. she is the only one among the ________ writers who ________ stories for children.
a. woman…writes b. women…writes c. women…write d. woman…write
3. the professor, together with his son, _________ lanzhou _________ beijing.
a. have left …for b. has left…for c. have left …to d. has left …to.
4. nobody but sam and john __________ in the laboratory.
a. are b. had been c. were d. is
5. my family _________ having supper when suddenly the bell rang.
a. is b. was c. are d. were.
6. the singer and dancer _________ come to our school.
a. have b. has c. were d. was.
7. a number of children _________ for the teacher to come now.
a. is waiting b. are waiting c. waits d. waited
8. the wounded __________ to the hospital at once.
a. were sent b. were send c. is sent d. was send
9. more than one person ________ late for class this morning.
a. are b. was c. is d. were
10. the cattle _______ grazing on the grass.
a. were b. was c. be d. is
11. the students each _____ a dictionary now.
a. has b. have c. has got d. had got
12. many a child _____ lost their parents.
a. has b. have c. is d. are
13. steam and ice _____ different forms of water.
a. is b. are c. was d. were
14. every desk and every chair _____ made of wood.
a. is b. are c. was d. were
15. _____ not only you but also he going to beijing?
a. are b. is c. were d. was
16. the manager or his secretary _____ to give you an interview.
a. is b. are c. were d. have
17. mary is one of the girls who _____ often late for school.
a. is b. are c. comes d. get
18. mary is the only one of the girls who _____ often late for school.
a. is b. are c. comes d. get
19. the united nations _____ an organization of independent countries.
a. is b. are c. was d. were
20. every means _____ been tried.
a. have b. has c. is d. were
参考答案： 1-20: dbbdd bbaba babaa abaab
（精品推荐）XX届高考二轮复习英语学案--专题十 定语从句
【典例精析】
1.（09天津）a person ______ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails.
a. who b. whom c. whose d. whoever
【解析】c 考查定语从句的用法。分析先行词和定语从句的关系发现先行词在定语从句中作定语，故选c符合。
2.（09天津）i travel to the binhai new area by light railway every day, _____ do many businessmen who live in downtown tianjin.
a. as b. which c. when d. though
【解析】a 考查as连接的倒装句式。按照句意此处as有正如，正像的意思，故as符合。
3.（09陕西）gun control is a subject americans have argued for a long time.
a. of which b. with which c. about which d. into which
【解析】c 考查定语从句，先行词是gun control，指物，关系词在从句中做介词的宾语，介词前置，介词与从句动词构成搭配argue about sth，选c。
4.（09四川）she’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
a. that b. which c. where d. when
【解析】d 考查定语从句的用法。her stay为先行词，可以理解为抽象的一段时间（她呆在那里期间），when指代her stay在定语从句中做时间状语。
5.（09浙江）i have reached a point in my life ______ i am supposed to make decisions of my own.
a. which b. where c. how d. why
【解析】b 考查定语从句关系副词的选择。分析句式in my life为插入成分；point为先行词，在定语从句中先行词做地点状语，意思为“我应该做出我自己决定的地方（某一点）”
6.（09北京）—what do you think of teacher ,bob？
—i find it fun and challenging. it is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting.
a. where b. which c. when d. that
【解析】a 考查定语从句用法。分析定语从句主谓宾完整，说明应该填关系副词，先行词为a job，定语从句的意思是在这个工作中……，所以答案用where引导的定语从句。
7.（09福建）it’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.
a. that b. when c. which d. where
【解析】d 考查定语从句。先行词是situation，指物，亦可指地点，关系词在从句中做地点状语，用关系副词where，选d。
8.（09安徽）a good friend of mine from i was born showed up at my home right before i left for beijing.
a. how b. whom c. when d. which
【解析】c 考查定语从句用法。本题对学生来说较难，不容易看的懂。本句意为“就在我准备去北京前，我儿时的一位好朋友到我家里来了。”
9.（09安徽）many children， parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village.
a. their b. whose c. of them d. with whom
【解析】b 本题考察定语从句的用法，属于较容易题。明显表达为”他们的父母”
10.（09湖南）i was born in new orleans, louisiana, a city name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.
a. which b. of which c. that d. whose
【解析】d 考查定语从句。先行词在定语从句中充当定语，意思为这个城市的名字。
11.（09全国2 ）my friend showed me round the town, was very kind of him.
a. which b. that c. where d. it
【解析】a 考查非限制性定语从句(这儿的which指代前面整句话内容。
12.（09江西）6. the house i grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
a. in it b. in c. in that d. in which
【解析】b 考查定语从句。the house ( which / that i grew up in ) , 主语后面紧跟的是定语从句。
13.（09海南）7. she brought with her three friends, none of i had ever met before.
a. them b. who c. whom d. these
【解析】c。 考查定语从句中的非限制性定语从句。句意为：她带着她的三个朋友，他们三个中没有一个人我曾见过。表示“部分的词语+of+关系代词” 在非限制性定语从句指人只能用whom。
14.（09山东）8. whenever i met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.
a. who b. which c. when d. that
【解析】b非限制性定语从句，指代前面一个句子，故用which.
【专题突破】总体做题采用还原法：即把先行词还原到定语从句里边，看一下做什么成分、指人、物；做主语、宾语还是状语等即可突破，具体说：
1. 根据句子结构划出定语从句（划完后必须是两个独立的句子）。
2. 根据先行词的特点、功能进一步选择。
⑴如果先行词在定语从句中主、宾语，则选关系代词。
⑵如果先行词在定语从句中做状语，则用关系副词。
3. 根据先行词的具体用法进一步选择。
1.the english play __________ my students acted at the new year’s party was a great success.
a. for which b. at which c. in which d. on which
2. helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, __________, of course, made the others envy him.
a. who b. that c. what d. which
3. if a shop has chairs __________ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.
a. that b. which c. when d. where
4.women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don’t.
a. who ; 不填 b. 不填 ; who c. who ; who d. 不填； 不填
5.the beatles, ________ many of you are old enough to remember, came from liverpool.
a. what b. that c. how d. as
6. some pre-school children go to a day care center,____ they learn simple games and songs.
a. then b. there c. while d. where
7. the book was written in 1946, ____ the education system has witnessed great charges.
a.when b.during which c.since then d.since when
8. the science museum, ________ we visited during a recent trip to britain, is one of london’s tourist attractions.
a. which b. what c. that d. where
9. yesterday she sold her car, ______ she bought a month ago.
a. when b. where c. that d. which
10. by nine o’clock, all the olympic torch bearers had reached the top of mount qomolangma, _______appeared a rare rainbow soon.
a. of which b. on which c. from which d. above which
参考答案和详解：
1.【解析】c根据句子意思需选择介词in，从而构成act in the play。关系代词在此是指english play，指物，因此选择in which。注意：如果定语从句谓语动词为介词动词也就是由动词+介词构成的短语，那么介词必须后置，不能与动词拆开置于关系代词前面。
2.【解析】d这是一句非限制性定语从句，关系代词指代整个句子helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，且从句中行为动词made是主动语态，因此选择which。
3.【解析】d此题答案是。这里的关系副词指代on chairs，指地点，因此选择where。不要误以为chair在句中是做主语或者宾语，在做此类题时一定要结合定语从句要表达的意思，做到“瞻前顾后”。
4.【解析】c审明句意：每天和多于两杯咖啡的女性比那些没有改习惯的女性得心脏病的可能性要大得多。 在本题中的who都是引导定语从句，指代人，在定语从句中做主语，所以都不能省略。
5.【解析】d本题考查在实际语境中对于非限制性定语从句的应用能力。as引导定语从句，在从句中做remember的宾语，指代的是the beatles“披头士乐队”。what引导名词性从句，在句中做主语宾语或表语，that引导限制性定语从句， how引导名词性从句。
6.【解析】d本题中用where引导定语从句，先行词是a day care center，where在定语从句中做地点状语。注意then和there是副词，不能引导定语从句。while虽然是连词，但是只能用来连接状语从句。
7.【解析】d在本题中用since when引导定语从句。因为句中的谓语has witnessed是现在完成时，所以要用since when。when指代上文中的in 1946,表示“这本书是1946年写的，从那以后，教育体制发生了巨大变化”。
8.【解析】a本题考查的重点是非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句的先行词指物时，应用which而不用that，the science museum 虽然是一个地点名词，但是在本句中的定语从句里做的是宾语而不是地点状语所以不能用where,尤其注意visit是一个及物动词。
9.【解析】d本题考查的是非限制性定语从句。题中空格前面主句中的先行词是car，空格后面定语从句的谓语动词bought后面缺一个宾语，只能选用关系代词。a项when和 b项where都是关系副词，可以予以排除，c项that不能用于非限制性定语从句中。故选d。
10.【解析】d考查非限制性定语从句的介词＋which的用法，原句可还原成…a rare rainbow appeared above …。根据选项我们已经知道了考查的大方向，就是需要我们找到合适的介词搭配。
【学法导航】根据考纲要求，考生在复习备考时要弄清定语从句的先行词与关系词的关系；关系代词、关系副词的选择和运用；限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的用法以及强调句式和同位语从句和定语从句的区别。把握命题规律，一般定语从句的命题热点内容如下：
1.that与which的选用；that与where/when的选用；
2.“介词+which/whom”结构中介词的选用；
3.“介词+which”与when/where间的区别与联系；
4.which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别；
5.“不定代词/数词+of which/whom”与“不定代词/数词+of them” 的选用；
6.定语从句中的主谓一致现象。 1定语从句可以说是各地高考必然首先考虑的重要考点，在题目设计的过程中，势必会以“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句为热点，以非限制性定语从句为重点，以关系副词where引导的定语从句为难点。
7.在疑问句中或倒装句中考查定语从句
8. 通过拆分词组和固定搭配或者添加插入语或状语来考查定语从句
做到了以上几点就能轻松拿到定语从句的分数。
【专题综合】1.the town _______ we visited last month is the one _______ the famous painter was born.
a.where; which b.which; where c.which; that d.where; where
2.we went to mountain tai last weekend, ________, not surprisingly, was crowded with visitors.
a. that b. which c. where d. when
3.we hope that the measures to control the stock market, ____ are taken by the government, will work.
a. that b. where c. which d. what
4.many factors influence a student in his/her study, ____ i think are out of a teacher’s control.
a. most of them b. most of which c. most of what d. most of that
5.— obama won the election. it’s amazing!
— yes. but the result was within ______ we had expected, ______ brought great joy to many young people and the black.
a. that; which b. that; that c. what; what d. what; which
6.he’s got himself into a dangerous situation _________ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
a. where b. which c. while d. why
7.it was in the factory _______ his friend worked _______ he picked up a lot of experience.
a. where, where b. that, where c. that, that d. where, that
8.today the public is much concerned about the way _______ .
a.nature is being ruined b.which nature is ruined
c.on which to ruin nature d.of nature to be ruined
9.young people who have got jobs may realize university lessons can’t be the only preparation for all of the situations ________ appear in the working world.
a. where b. when c. that d. what
10.is it the years _______ you worked in africa as a doctor _______ have a great effect on your literary works?
a. that; where b. that; that c. when; where d. when; that
11. was it in the waiting room ______ only allows mothers-to-be to enter that you lost your wallet?
a. / b. where c. that d. when
12 obama, _______ life was once hard when he was young, were elected president of american.
a. for whom b. who c. to whom d. /
13 _______ has been announced, our government will take more measures to make the falling economics recover as soon as possible.
a that b as c it d what
14. lee yu chun was titled as the top thin beauty in ansia , _______ caused a lot of disagreements in the field of entertainment.
a. that b. which c as d it
15 there were so many attractions in disney park. after lunch we came to a place, _______ stood a big tower.
a. which b. that c. / d. where
16. a political advisor suggested giving out red pockets to the whole nation directly to encourage economics，_____i believe is of great value.
a that b. / c. which d. why
17 is this the website_______ you want to have ____ into your files to help you learn english?
a. who; to add b. that; add c. whom; adding d. that; added
18.we have heard of many cases _______ some citizens ，especially some famous people， have suffered because personal information had been leaked.
a. why b. which c. as d. where
19. tony showed me his new cell phone, _______ was small but it could change colors in different weather.
a. the screen of whom b. whom the screen of c. which the screen of d. the screen of which
20.i will never forget the day _______ i came to my university and the day ______ i spent in a new city.
a. when; which b. which; when c. what; that d. on which; when
参考答案和解析：
1.【解析】b注意在第一个空后面的定语从句里的visit是一个及物动词，所以the town在定语从句里做的是visit的宾语，所以第一个空我们可以用that, which或者省略。第二个空的先行词the one指代的还是the town,但是此时the town在定语从句里做的是地点状语，所以要用where来引导定语从句。
2.【解析】b这里从总的方面来看考查的非限制性定语从句，我们找到定语从句的先行词，根据空格后面的was crowded with visitors我们可以判断这个定语从句的先行词应该是在山上人有很多而不是指时间，所以不能用when。
3.【解析】c本题考查的非限制性定语从句，句子的主干表达的意思是我们希望控制证券市场的措施会生效。那么… are taken by the government就是个定语从句来解释stock market，证券市场在非限制性定语从句中做的是主语，所以不能用where来引导从句。
4.【解析】b这个句子尤其要注意区分a和b选项的不同，只要我们注意了标点符号就知道这并不是个并列句，所以不能选a。因为是逗号，说明后面是个非限制性定语从句，这里考查的是介词＋which的用法，原句可还原成…most of the factors …。
5.【解析】d第一个空考查的是what引导的名词性从句在句子里做的是within这个介词的宾语，第二个空是由which引导的非限制性定语从句，这里的which指代的是奥巴马当选总统这件事。
6.【解析】a句意“他使得自己处于非常危险的境况中，（在这个境况中）他可能失去对飞机的控制”，所选择的关联词应该在定语从句中作地点状语，表示in the situation。注意：where这个词不仅仅可以表地点，某人/物的情况、某事发展的阶段、某事的某个方面都可以用where这个关系副词来表达。
7.【解析】d本题是把定语从句放到了强调结构里来考查，第一个空是由where引导的定语从句解释说明the factory，在定语从句里做的是地点状语。第二个空是it was ….that…强调结构。
8.【解析】a这里考查定语从句里的特殊情况就是当先行词是the way的时候，关系代词可以是that, in which或者省略。a选项就是符合第三种情况。
9.【解析】c注意在本句里的situation是先行词，在空格后的定语从句里缺少的是主语，而且指的是物，所以该空我们可以用which或者that，但是不管用什么都不能省略。
10.【解析】d该题既做到了把定语从句放到疑问句中，又做到了把定语从句放到强调结构里进行考查。第一个空是个定语从句，先行词是the year，when在定语从句里是时间状语；第二个空是it is …that…强调结构。
11.【解析】c在考查定语从句的时候利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的正确选择比较常见。遇到这类定语从句时，最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。在这个定语从句中的先行词是room, that在定语从句里做主语。
12.【解析】a这是一个非限制性定语从句，还考查到了“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。根据句子意思需选择介词for, 从而构成be hard for obama. for的宾语是指人，这时就只能用whom。
13.【解析】b这是一句非限制性定语从句，关系代词指代整个句子we shall have our final exams next month，且位于句首，因此选择as。在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但注意as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
14.【解析】b在引导非限制性定语从句时，as和which都可以用来指代前面整句所表达的内容。 as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态；如果从句中的行为动词是主动语态，一般用which做主语，所以正确选项应为b。
15.【解析】d在本句中为了保持句子平衡，句子用了倒装语序。倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊，对于这种情况，应先把倒装语序还原成正常语序，这样句子结构就比较清晰了。这里是非限制性定语从句解释前面的the place.
16.【解析】c在考查定语从句时会利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。常见的插入语有：i think （suppose, expect, believe, imagine）, in my opinion, to tell you the truth等。做这类题目时我们可以先删去插入语或状语，找出句子的主干。在该句中先行词是discovery，which是在引导非限制性定语从句，在句子里做主语。
17.【解析】d非谓语动词是英语中难度较大的语法项目之一，因而在定语从句中加入非谓语动词会增加考查定语从句的难度。对这类题目最有效的办法就是将句子还原。本句还原后应是：you want to have the website added into your files to help you learn english.先行词是the website, 因为在定语从句里做宾语，所以可以用that, which或者省略，但是第二个空只能用added， 因为还考查到了have something done， 这里是网站被添加到收藏夹。
18.【解析】d定语从句的先行词cases在此意为“实例，情况”，根据从句的意思“在这些例子中（情境中）……”，先行词在从句中应该担当状语成分，表示in many cases，所以用where 来引导表示地点的定语从句。
19.【解析】d从四个选项的设置不难看出是考察介词加关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句。再从先行词watch可看出是指物，可排除a和b。c项中关系代词应放在介词之后，如改为of which the screen或者whose screen也是可以的。
20.【解析】a在本句中两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词，但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语，因此要用关系副词when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语，因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句。
XX高考二轮复习英语学案专题七 情态动词和虚拟语气
【典例精析】
1.（ 全国卷ii， 8） _______ he had not hurt his leg, john would have won the race.
a. if b. since c. though d. when
【解析】a 有题干可知，“若不是他伤了腿，约翰就能赢得比赛了”，运用了虚拟语气，故用if。
2.（山东卷， 24） thank you for all your hard work last week. i don’t think we ____ it without you.
a. can manage b. could have managed
c. could manage d. can have managed
【解析】 b 此题考查情态动词表示虚拟意义的用法。i don’t think…是否定前移。意为：我认为没有你我们本不能做成这件事的。此题关键是要根据句意知道是虚拟语气，其基本形式是情态动词（过去式）+have done,所以其他选项皆可排除。
【答案】b
3（09福建）. but for the help of my english teacher, i____the first prize in the english writing competition.
a. would not win b. would not have won c. would win d. would have won
【答案】b 虚拟语气。此处虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反，句子谓语动词用would/should/could/might + have done结构，故选b。
4.（09湖南）— it’s the office! so you _____ know eating is not allowed here.
— oh, sorry.
a. must b. will c. may d. need
【解析】a 句意为：这是办公室！因此你必须知道吃的不允许带到这里。must表示“绝不”的意思。
5.（09海南）what do you mean, there are only ten tickets? there _____ be twelve
a. should b. would c. will d. shall
【答案】a。 你这是什么意思，只有十张票吗？应该有十二人。should表示“应该，应当”。
6.（09上海）it_____ have been tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car.
a. may b. can c. must d. should
【解析】c 考查情态动词的基本用法。此处表示肯定性较强的猜测，故答案选c。
7.（09四川）—i don’t care what people think.
—well, you _______
a. could b. would c. should d. might
【解析】c考查情态动词的用法。答话的人提了一个建议——你应该关注别人对你的评价的。should可以用来向别人提建议，所以答案为：c
8.（09天津）this printer is of good quality. if it _______ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.
a. would b. should c. could d. might
【解析】b 考查虚拟语气中的情态动词用法。表示对将来情况的虚拟假设，条件从句可以用should+v.原形；
9.（09重庆）—hi, tom. any idea where jane is?
—she_____in the classroom. i saw her there just now.
a. shall be b. should have been c. must be d. might have been
【答案】c 考查情态动词表示猜测的用法。由后面的just now暗示现在一定在教室推知对现在情况的猜测，故答案为c.
10.（09全国2）i can’t leave. she told me that i______stay here until she comes back.
a. can b. must c. will d. may
【解析】b 考查情态动词的基本用法。由前面的i can’t leave.推知我必须呆在这里，故答案为b。
11.（09江苏）11. he did not regret saying what he did but felt that he____ it differently.
a. could express b. would express
c. could have expressed d. must have expressed
【解析】c 考查情态动词的用法。由前面的后悔表示做过啦，故后面的意思为本能够表达的不同，答案为c符合。
【专题突破】情态动词和虚拟语气密不可分，情态动词表示推测的考查，虚拟语气中对情态动词的考查，这些都是需要注意的地方，要想突破，可以从语境、语义、说话者的语气等方面着手，具体说：
1.根据时间确定时态、时间段
即要分清情态动词表推测时涉及的是现在情况还是过去情况。原则上说，若对现在情况进行推测，情态动词后接动词原形或进行式；若对过去情况进行推测，则后接动词的完成式(这通常是高考的重点)；若是对正在发生的情况进行推测，后接动词的进行式；判断出时间段套用现在、过去、将来虚拟语气的句式。
2.充分利用句子语境、语义
综观历年高考英语情态动词和虚拟语气的考查情况，有相当一部分考题从本质上看都是在考查情态动词在具体语境、语义中的运用，即只要考生能弄清各个被考查情态动词的意思，就可作出正确选择。
3.注意分清适用句型
即要分清所考查的情态动词是用于肯定句型，还是用于疑问句型或否定句型，同时还要注意情态动词在某些特殊情况下所使用的特殊句型。
4.弄清说话者的语义、语气推断属于哪个时间段的情况，正确把握隐含、混合等虚拟语气。
5.掌握固定句式，从固定句式着手，套用虚拟语气句型。
1.—catherine, i have cleaned the room for you.
—thanks. you _________it. i could manage it myself.
a. needn’t do b. needn’t have done
c. mustn’t do d. shouldn’t have done
【解析】b 句子的语境是：“我自己能做”，所以“你本不必做的”。选a还是b呢？根据前面一句中的 have cleaned 可知，动作已经发生，所以此处谈论的是一个过去情况，故选 needn’t have done。
2. this cake is very sweet. you _________ a lot of sugar in it.
a. should put b. could have put c. might put d. must have put
【解析】d前文说“蛋糕很甜”，下文的语境显然应该是“你一定是在里面放了很多糖”，故用“must+完成式”表示对过去情况的肯定推测。
3. —the woman biologist stayed in africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned.
— oh, dear! she _________ a lot of difficulties!
a. may go through b. might go through
c. ought to have gone through d. must have gone through
【解析】d由上文的stayed可知，此题是对过去情况有把握的肯定推测。句意为“那个女生物学家呆在非洲研究野生动物XX年才回来。”“天啊！她一定经历了不少苦难！”
4. helen _________ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet.
a. shall b. must c. may d. can
【解析】c由于下文说“她还没有把握”，所以前文要用may表示没有把握的肯定推测，即“可能会与我们去旅行”。
5. —i’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.
—it _________ harry’s. he always wears green.
a. has to be b. will be c. mustn’t be d. could be
【解析】d 后文说“他总是穿绿色衣服”，据此语境可推知，这件衣“可能是”哈利的，could表示可能性。
6. —do you know where david is? i couldn’t find him anywhere.
—well. he _________have gone far—his coat’s still here.
a. shouldn’t b. mustn’t c. can’t d. wouldn’t
分析：答案选c。后文说“他的外套还在这里”，据此语境可知“他不可能走远了”，故选can’t
5. he paid for a seat, when he _________ have entered free.
a. could b. would c. must d. need
【解析】a could have done的意思是“本来可以做某事”。句子语境为“虽然他本来能够免费入场，但他买了票”。
6. —lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.
—she _________. i’ve already borrowed one.
a. can’t b. mustn’t c. needn’t d. shouldn’t
【解析】c 既然“我已经借了一本”，所以“她就没有必要借给我了”。needn’t在此表示“不必”。
7.the world wide web is sometimes jokingly called the world wide wait because it _________be very slow.
a. should b. must c. will d. can
【解析】 d在通常情况下，情态动词 can 表示推测时，只用于否定句和疑问句，不用于肯定句，但有一种特殊情况就是它可以用于肯定句中表理论上的推测或表示“有时”之意，而此题考查的正是can 表示“有时”的用法。
8. zhang lin was addicted to computer games during his last year in high school , otherwise he____________a student of beijing university .
a.would have been b.should be c.has been d.had been
【解析】a otherwise引起虚拟语气的虚拟语气属于含蓄型的，由句意可以得知是与过去的事实相反，主句用 would have done。
9. ---your sister nearly _______ all her spare time to her study during the three years.
----that's right， or she ________ the first place in her school in the college entrance examination.
a. devoted; wouldn't have taken b. spent; wouldn't have taken
c. had devoted; hadn't taken d. had spent; couldn't take
【解析】a devote … to 为固定搭配，因此第一个空应从ac选。or 翻译成“否则，要不然”，相当于otherwise，引起句子运用虚拟语气，主句用 would have done。
10.—any information about your son?
—no. if only i ______ those tough words to him.
a.didn't say b.hadn't said
c.shouldn't have said d.couldn't have said
【解析】b if only 引起的句子要用虚拟语气。与wish跟从句用虚拟的规则一样。与过去的事实相反，用过去完成时态。
11. it is vital that we _____ act out at once to protect the environment.
a. would b. should c. will d. can
【解析】b it is vital/important/strange/necessary/natural…that 从句中，从句运用should跟动词原形。
12. john’s pale face suggested that he ______ill, and his parents suggested that he ______a medical examination.
a. be, should have b. was, have c. should be, had d. was, has
【解析】b suggest表示“表明，暗示”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气，而表示“建议”时，要用should 跟动词原形的虚拟语气。根据句意可以得知，答案为b
13. but for the leadership of our party and our government, we __________ these splendid results.
a.have achieved b.shouldn’t have achieved
c.should have achieved d.would achieve
【解析】b but for 相当于without，可以用if 非真实条件句替换。有句意可知时发生在过去，与过去事实相反。
14. --where have you been?
--i_______in the heavy traffic. otherwise i______here earlier.
a. got stuck; would have come b. got stuck; was
c. have got stuck; would have come d. had got stuck; would come
【解析】a 由句意得知被交通堵塞困住是发生在过去，第一空用一般过去时，排除cd，第二空为与过去事实相反，故选a
15.he hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ____ a goal.
a. had scored b. scored c. would score d. would have scored
【解析】d 这是otherwise 引出的含蓄虚拟语气，再根据前面的 hesitated 可进一步知道这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气 .
【学法导航】考生在复习情态动词和虚拟语气时要注意如下几点：
1.掌握情态动词的基本用法；2.正确辨析相近意义的情态动词；3.把握常用情态动词句式；
4.学生要明确所叙述的内容不可能发生或发生的可能性很小时，要用虚拟语气；
5.把握虚拟语气的常用句式； 6.正确辨析混合时间的虚拟语气，如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。
7.注意虚拟语气中的倒装句，如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, should，有时可将if省去，而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should, 之后
8.分清含蓄条件句，有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过用其他词来代替条件句，常见词有otherwise, or, but for 和if only等
9. 掌握在表语从句，同位语从句和主语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。 从句中的谓语动词是should +动词原型，should 可以省略。
10.掌握口语中的虚拟语气和固定句式中的虚拟语气。
【专题综合】1. when a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ______.
a. breaks b. has broken
c. were broken d. had been broken
2. but for the help you gave me, i _______ the examinations.
a. would have passed b. would pass
c. wouldn’t have passed d. wouldn’t pass
3. i forget where i read the article, or i _____ it to you now.
a. will show b. would show c. am going to show d. am showing
4. “it looks as if he were drunk.” “so it does. _____.”
a. he’d better give up drinking b. he shouldn’t have drunk so much
c. health is more important than drink d. i wonder why he is always doing so
5. “mary looks hot and dry” “so _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
a. do b. are c. will d. would
6. “he will come tomorrow.” “but i’d rather he _____ the day after tomorrow.”
a. will come b. is coming c. came d. had come
7. all the doctors in the hospital insisted that he ____ badly wounded and that he ____ at once.
a. should be; be operated on b. were; must be operated on
c. was; should be operated d. was; be operated on
8. ______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung.
a. was he given up b. had he given up c. did he give d. if he gave up
9. “i still haven’t thanked aunt lucy for her present.” “it’s time you _____.”
a. do b. did c. had d. would
10. “do you know his address？” “no, i also wish i _____ where he _____.”
a. knew, live b. knew, lives c. know, lives d. know, lived
11. it is hard for me to imagine what i would be doing today if i ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the melinda cox library in my hometown.
a. wouldn’t have fallen b. had not fallen
c. should fall d. were to fall
12. without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night ____ for us to live.
a. would be freezing cold b. will be freezing coldly
c. would be frozen cold d. can freeze coldly
13. look at the trouble i am in! if only i _____your dvice.
a. followed b. would follow c. had followed d. should follow
14. ---- don't you think it necessary that he _______ to miami but to new york?
---- i agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to.
a. will not be sent; that b. not be sent; that
c. should not be sent; what d. should not send; what
15. if i____plan to do anything i wanted to ,i’d like to go to tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.
a.would b.could c.had to d.ought to
16. ____ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
a. would you be b. should you be c. could you be d. might you be
17. if it were not for the fact that she_______sing, i would invite her to the party.
a.couldn’t b.shouldn’t c.can’t d.might not
18. after hours of repair, the driver tried to start the machine but it __________ work.
a. won’t b. shouldn’t c. wouldn’t d. couldn’t
19. you ________ pay too much attention to your assignment, for it is that important.
a. must b. needn’t c. cannot d. need
20. he _________ another career, but at the time, he didn’t have enough money to attend graduate school.
a. might choose b. might have chosen c. had to choose d. must have chosen
参考答案和解析
1.【解析】c as if 引导的句子，有时用虚拟语气，有时不用。原则上说，若指事实或可能为事实，不用虚拟语气；若指现在，从句谓语动词用一般过去时（be 用 were）；若指过去用过去完成时，若指将来用过去将来时或用 were to do sth.
2.【解析】c but for 的意思是“若不是，要不是”，用于引出与事实相反的假设，通常与虚拟语气连用。根据句中的 the help you gave me，可知它表示与过去事实相反，故选c.
3.【解析】b根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件，即 or=if i didn’t forget where i read the article（要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话——但事实上忘了）。
4.【解析】d关键信息是it looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气，句子既然用了虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了”不是事实，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是d.
5.【解析】d 由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气（这是很重要的信息），所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案应选d.
6.【解析】c 按照英语习惯，would rather 后接that 从句时，从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气，即用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。
7.【解析】d insist后的从句谓语有时用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，有时不用，具体要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般说来，若该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。分析上题的句意，可知只有选d最合适。
8.【解析】b是因为时态前后有矛盾。由于主句谓语是would not have got，这表明是对过去事实作出的假设，所以从句谓语应该是 had given up，而不是像d项那样用一般过去时。另外，当虚拟条件句中有 had, should, were 等词时，通常可以省略 if，并将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。
9.【解析】b it’s time you did 为 it’s time you thanked aunt lucy for her present 之略。按照英语语法，it’s time 后从句通常要用过去式。
10.【解析】b第一空填 knew，因为 i wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气（即用过去式表示现在的想法）；第二空要填lives，即用陈述语气，因为 where he lives 是一个客观事实，而不是 i wish 的内容。
11.【解析】b 此题涉及错综时间虚拟条件句，主句与现在事实相反，条件句与过去事实相反。句意为：要不是在七岁时就迷上了 melinda cox 图书馆，我真不能想像我如今会在做什么。
12.【解析】a without 引出的介词短语为一个与现在事实相反的含蓄条件句。
13.【解析】c if only 意为“,但愿，要是……就好了”，其后的句子谓语要用虚拟语气，用以表达愿望或非真实条件，同时根据 句意可以得知从句是与过去事实相反
14.【解析】b本题考查虚拟语气和表语从句。在it is necessary that…句型中，从句中常常用虚拟语气，其形式为“should+动词原型”，should也可以省略。第二空考查了表语从句。that没有实际的意义，只起一个连接的作用。
15.【解析】b考查虚拟语气。从主句的谓语动词及句意推测应选b。其他选项不符合题意。
16.【解析】 b 本题考查了虚拟语气的倒装。如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, should，有时可将if省去，而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should之后。
17.【解析】c虽然前有虚拟条件句， 后有使用了虚拟语气，但the fact不是与事实相反，而是现在的真实情况， 故不用虚拟语气。
18.【解析】c,表示机器什么的不能工作了。是一种关于性能方面的，很固定的用法。
19.【解析】c can not too...to 是词组，意思是就算怎么样也不过分。
20.【解析】b可是根据句子的意思。must have chosen 是本来肯定会------，故答案为b。
XX高考二轮复习英语学案专题五 动词和动词短语
【典例精析】1.（XX年全国卷i， 23）the performance ______ nearly three hours, but few people left the theatre early.
a. covered b. reached c. played d. lasted
【解析】a 句意：这次演出持续了近三个小时，但是很少有人提前离开剧院。last持续，继续；cover 覆盖，包括，涉及，足以支付；reach 到达，够得着；play 扮演，玩。
2.（XX年安徽卷，28）-----are you happy with your new computer?
----- no, it is _______ me a lot of trouble.
a. showing b. leaving c. giving d. sparing
【解析】c句意：---你对你的新的计算机满意吗？---不，它给我带来许多麻烦。四个选项中的动词都可以接双宾语，但意义不同。show sb sth.给某人看某物，出示某物给某人看；leave sb sth.给某人留下某物；give sb sth.给某人某物；spare sb sth.为某人抽出……,有对话情景判断应用动词give.
3.（XX年江苏卷，31）—i’m still working on my project.
—oh, you’ll miss the deadline. time is ______.
a. running out b. going out c. giving out d. losing out
【解析】a句意：---我仍然在做这个项目。---啊！你肯定不能如期完成了。因为快没时间了。当表示时间用完、耗尽的时候多用run out。 give out 分发，精疲力竭。
4.（XX年山东卷，28）the fact that she never apologized ______ a lot about what kind of person she is.
a. says b. talks c. appears d. declares
【解析】a 句意：她从来不道歉这个事实说明了她是怎样一个人。say 的意思是“说明，表明”，say a lot about 也是一个短语，意思是“说明什么”，符合题意；talk 的意思是“说话，谈话”，不符合句子内容；appear 的意思是“看起来”，不合句意；declare的意思是“宣告，声称”，词义太大，明显不符合句子内容。
5.（XX年江西卷，25） i _____ it as a basic principle of the company that suppliers of raw materials should be given a fair price for their products.
a. make b. look c. take d. think
【解析】c句意：应当给予原材料供应商公平的价格，我把这一点作为公司的基本原则。句中that suppliers of raw materials should be given a fair price for their products 是句子的真正宾语，it是形式宾语，as a basic principle of the company为补语。take…as 把….看作，符合句意。make, look 和think 与as 搭配无此含义。
6.（XX年辽宁卷，25）you have to be a fairly good speaker to ______ listeners’ interest for over an hour.
a. hold b. make c. improve d. receive
【解析】a句意：你是一个相当好的演说家，能抓住听众的兴趣达1个多小时。hold one’s interest固定搭配，译为：吸引某人的兴趣。
7.（XX年浙江卷，14.）american indian ______ about five percent of the u.s. population.
a. fill up b. bring up c. make up d. set up
【解析】c句意：美国印第安人大约占美国人口总数的5％.fill up装满，填满；bring up教育，培养，提出； make up占（比例，成分等）；编造，虚构，化妆，补足；set up竖立起来，建立，成立。
8.（XX年湖北卷，27） the present situation is very complex, so i think it will take me some time to ______ its reality.
a. make up b. figure out c. look through d. put off
【解析】b句意：现在的情况非常复杂，因此我想过些时间我才能够弄清楚它的实际情况。make up编造；figure out 弄清楚，弄明白；look through浏览，快速查看；put off推迟。由句意可知b项正确。
9.（XX年天津卷，13） her shoes ______ her dress; they look very well together.
a. suit b. fit c. compare d. match
【解析】d句意：她的鞋和帽子很匹配，搭配的很好。本体考察近义词辨析，suit是只颜色，花样或款式等搭配；fit是大小、尺寸等正合适；compare比较；match 指两个东西相称、匹配。
10.（09海南）6. edward, you play so well. but i___you played the piano.
a. didn’t know b. hadn’t known c. don’t know d. haven’t known
【解析】a。 句意为：爱德华，你打得好。但我不知道你弹钢琴。所谈论的是指过去行为，故用过去式。
11.（09福建）11. we are at your service. don’t_____to turn to us if you have any further problems.
a. beg b. hesitate c. desire d. seek
【解析】b 动词词义辨析。beg：乞求，乞讨，恳求；hesitate：犹豫，踌躇；desire：欲望；愿望；seek：试图，要求。题干意思是：我们为你服务。当你有任何问题时，请毫不犹豫的向我们求助。
12.（09湖北）14. the loss has not yet been ______ accurately, but it is believed to be well beyond a hundred million dollars.
a. calculated b. considered c. completed d. controlled
【解析】a. 根据句意可知此处表示“损失（数据）还没统计……”，应选择calculated。considered“考虑”，completed“完成”，controlled“控制”均不符合上下文。
13.（09湖北）15. some parents are just too protective. they want to ______ their kids from every kind of danger, real or imagined.
a. spot b. dismiss c. shelter d. distinguish
【解析】c 根据上句some parents are just too protective. 可知下文要说父母们想庇荫孩子们不受到任何伤害。shelter做动词可表示“保护；庇护”。spot“弄脏，认出，发现，定位”，dismiss“开除，使解散”，distinguish“区别”。
14.（09海南）42. encourage your children to try new things, but try not to___them too hard.
a. draw b. strike c. rush d. push
【解析】d。 句意为：鼓励你的孩子去尝试新事物，但不要把它们太难了。push 推，挤，逼迫；strike v. 打，罢工，划燃rush v. 冲进，匆促行事，催draw v. 拉，拖，挨近，提取，画，绘制。根据句意，应选d。
15.（09湖北）13. during the war there was a serious lack of food. it was not unusual that even the wealthy families had to ______ bread for days.
a. eat up b. give away c. do without d. deal with
【解析】c 动词短语。根据上句during the war there was a serious lack of food可推测出“即或是富裕家庭也得几天吃不上面包”，应选择do without表示“不用/吃……勉强度过”。eat up“吃完”，give away“收拾”，deal with“应付，处理”。
16.（09江西）16. it is reported that the police will soon ____ the case of two missing children.
a. look upon b. look after c. look into d. look out
【解析】c 本题考查动词短语。根据题意可知应选look into “调查”。
17.（09海南）17. i tried phoning her office, but i couldn’t__________.
a. get along b. get on c. get to d. get through
【解析】d。 短语动词，考查考生对词义的判断能力。句意为：我试着给她办公室打电话，但没有打通。get along 进展，相处。get on 上车；get to到达；get through通过。依据句意，选d。
【专题突破】动词和动词短语做题技巧点拨：考生在做动词和动词短语的试题时首先应该清楚所用动词和短语的意思，然后再依据语境、语义、词的搭配排除；也可以从词的搭配着手，有时只从句子的内容来看，几个选项似乎都合适，但只要从词的搭配上一看便知道答案；很多动词与介词或副词连在一起构成固定的搭配从而形成动词短语或短语动词，不能随意更改，要正确把握它们的意思这样就可以突破。
1.—how lovely these children are!
—yeah.they______ memories of my childhood.
a. called out b. called for c. called up d. called on
2. many kids ________ the net bar, and _____had a bad effect on their studies.
a. are addicted to; it b. get engaged in; which
c. are related to; what d. are addicted to; which
3.after studying in a medical college for five years, jane____her job as a doctor
in the countryside.
a.set out b.took over c.took up d.set up
4. though we _________serious natural disasters, we are sure to overcome all difficulties.
a. give away b. affect with c. suffer from d. deal with
5. the shop assistant was fired as she was _________ of cheating customers.
a.accused b.charged c.blamed d.caught
6. asked suddenly about the matter ,he couldn’t_____an answer at once.
a. come up with b. look for c. put up with d. answer for
7.my daughter is not sure what to_______ at the university; she can’t make up her
mind about her future.
a. take up b. make up c. pick up d. build up
8. his colleagues ______ him though he himself didn’t think he had done anything special.
a. thought highly of b. looked up to
c. sing high praise of d. show great respect for
9. hard work and lack of sleep have _____ her beauty and youth in recent years.
a. worn out b.tried out c made out d.sent out
10. it’s obvious that the beijing olympic games a great seccess.
a.kept b.showed c proved d.remained
参考答案及解析
1.【解析】c call out“出动， 向…叫喊”， call for “需要，要求”， call up“召集， 使想起， 提出， 打电话给”， call on“号召， 呼吁， 约请， 访问”。此句意思是“他们引起了我对童年的回忆。”因此选c。
2.【解析】a be addicted to 意思是“对…上瘾”，符合题意。and 是一个并列连词，后面应该是并列句，而不是从句，因此排除b和d。be related to“与…有关”，不符合题意，因此排除。
3.【解析】c set out“出发， 开始” take over“接收， 接管”take up“从事” set up“设立”根据题意，应选c。
4.【解析】c give away“分发， 放弃， 泄露”， affect“影响”及物动词， suffer from“遭受” ，deal with“处理”。从“ we are sure to overcome all difficulties.”这句话可以推断出前半句的意思应该是“尽管我们遭受着严重的自然灾害”，因此应选c。
5.【解析】a be accused of “被控告” accused与of 搭配，符合题意。 be charged with“被控告”charge 和with 搭配。 blame “责备”。
6.【解析】a come up with“得出答案” look for“寻找” put up with“提出” answer for“负责”根据题意，应该选a.
7.【解析】a 句意：我的女儿在大学里不知道学什么，对自己的未来他心里还没有底。take
up开始学；开始从事。make up组成，构成；编造；pick up拾起；学到；获得；build up逐步建立；增强。
8.【解析】a think highly of 固定搭配，译为“对…评价高”符合题意。show great respect 后应用介词to, c 说法错误，look up to 向上看，不合题意。
9.【解析】a worn out耗尽，筋疲力尽； tried out试验， 考验， 提炼；make out书写， 填写， 拼凑， 进展， 说明， 设法应付， 理解， 辨认出； sent out发出。
10.【解析】c show sb sth 出示某物给某人看；keep保持；prove证明是；符合题意，remain仍然。
【学法导航】动词是高考的一个重点，除了时态和语态外，动词（尤其是常用动词）和动词词组也是高考必考考点，因此大家平时应十分关注动词和动词词组。同时动词和动词短语是英语教学的重点，也是学生学习的难点、易混点，尤其是历年来高考考题的必考点。学生在该题上往往失分，其原因为易混词区分，短语记忆不牢，熟词生义没有掌握，熟悉短语生僻意思没有掌握，由相同的副词和介词组成的短语辨别不开等造成的，为此我建议同学们在复习中要注意：1、记熟常用、高频动词和动词短语意思；2、弄清相近动词和短语意思辨析；3、掌握动词后面相同的副词和介词构成的短语辨析；4.做题要语境、语义、词义结合。
【专题综合】
1. the teacher has a peculiar way of ______her student’s nervousness when then speak english.
a. breaking down b. going over c. taking off d. giving away
2. in the cross-lake swimming race, a boat will be ____in case of an emergency.
a. standing by b. turning on c. getting on d. running on
3. you _____only half the price ,how would the seller sell the jacket to you ?
a. spent b. paid c. charged d. offered
4. he _____the problem _____in his mind for a whole week before he did anything about it.
a. switched; on b. kicked; up c. turned; over d. took; on
5. at times the balance in nature is ______ , resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects.
a. troubled b. confused c. disturbed d. puzzled
6. — so, how is your new roommate ?
— she really ____. she always making loud noises at midnight and when i remind her , she always makes rude remarks.
a. turns me over b. turns me down c. turns me off d. turns me out
7. people have planted a great many trees in order to ____wind and sand in the desert.
a. hold down b. hold up c. hold back d. hold out
8. — would you like to go to paris with us next year ?
— i’d like to, but my mother ______ that i am too young.
a. is against b. opposes c. objects d. explains
9. there’s no bear left and the pubs are shut so you’ll have to _______.
a. go out b. go off c. go without d. go through
10. the film “world without thieves” ______ a great success and brought in a large profit to the cinema.
a. appreciated b. enjoyed c. won d. seized
11. dressed untidily and speaking in a strange way, father must have ______ to the people present to be a silly old man.
a. appeared b. pretended c. shown d. thought
12. thomas alva edison didn’t “invent” the light bulb, but rather he ______ a 50 –year –old idea, which is not well –known.
a. improved upon b. take down c. put up d. break away
13. you’d better ______ some hot water into the bottle in case the teacools down.
a. add b. fill c. fill in d. put
14. after retirement, mr. smith ______ painting, which he had always loved but had not had time for.
a. took up b. got up c. help up d. looked up
15. she tried hard to keep calm in face of the students, but the sweat on her forehead _____ her ____.
a. gave; away b. tuned; down c. showed; out d. shut; off
参考答案及解析
1.【解析】a 句意：这位老师有一种疏导学生在说英语时产生的紧张情绪的独特方法。 break down :to separate something such as an idea or statement into smaller parts in order to make it easier to understand or deal with .go over 复习； take off脱下，起飞；give away分发，赠给，泄露（秘密）。
2.【解析】a 句意：有船只严阵以待，预防紧急情况。stand by 为不及物短语：to wait and be ready for action if needed 准备行动；待机；turn on 打开；get on进展；run down撞倒。根据句意，b 、c、d 三项均不符合。
3.【解析】d句意：你仅出半价，店员怎么会把这件夹克卖给你呢？offer: to say that you will pay a particular amount of money to buy something 出价六万英镑买这所房子。 charge(收费)不符合题意。抚讲价（offer）而后才能药费（spend）或支付（pay）帮a、b两项不合常理。
4.【解析】c句意：在采取措施之前，他在脑中将这个问题反复思考了一个星期。turn over :to think about carefully仔细考虑；switch on把开关打开；kick up引起；take on呈现、雇用、承担。
5.【解析】c trouble主要指遇上难解决的问题而使人苦恼、忧虑；puzzled 指人是困惑的，因此将a、d两项排除；根据句意，自然的平衡本身并不是混乱的（confused）,而不受到了人为的干扰（disturbed）,才会导致不可预见的影响。因此选择c项。
6.【解析】c turn sb.over :把……移交，把……交给；turn sb. down:拒绝；turn sb.off :使对（某人）感到厌烦、使不感兴趣；turn sb.out:驱逐，赶走。根据句意“她总是在午夜弄出很大的响声，我提醒她时，她还总是说些粗鲁的话”，由此可知她是使我烦透了，选择c项。
7.【解析】c hold down压制，限制；hold up推迟，耽搁；hold back阻挡，抑制；hold out提供，提出。句意：人们种了大量的树，为了阴挡风和沙尘。由此可知答案为c项。
8【解析】c前三项意思相同，都可以表示“反对（做）、某事”：be against(doing)sth.:oppose(doing) sth.; object to(doing) sth.。但是objiet还可接宾语从句，这时它为及物动词，意思为“提出异议”。前一句邀请对方一起去paris，答话人说他很愿意去，但是妈妈提出异议说他年龄太小。d项explain虽然也可执着that 从句，但是它的含义为“解释”不能明确地说明妈妈的态度是赞成还是反对。
9.【解析】c go out外出，熄灭；go off爆炸，中断；go through通过，完成，经历；go without忍受某事物的缺乏。句意：啤酒卖完了，酒吧也都关门了，所以你只好将就一下了。
10.【解析】b易误选c，win 指赢得了比赛、奖励、胜利等，不可以与a great success 连用。enjoy享有，如：he enjoys a reputation for honesty. 本题中的enjoy a great success 意为 win large sales。句意：《天下无贼》一举成功，同时也给电影院带来了巨大的盈利。
11.【解析】a 句意：父亲衣冠不整，谈吐怪异，在在场者眼中，父亲想必显得是一个傻老人的形象。解题的关键在于是否能将to the people present(present“在场的”，作后置定语修饰the people)准确地分离出来。
12.【解析】a句意：鲜为人知是的，爱迪生并没有发明灯炮，而是在其50年前的发明上改进了电灯泡（把灯丝寿命延长到13.5小时）。improve on/upon超过，改进；take down把……拆卸开；put up张贴，搭建；break away摆脱。
13.【解析】d句意：你最好往瓶子里倒些热水，以免茶变凉。比较下列句子：you’d better put some hot water into the bottle. you’d better add some hot water to the cold water .you’d better fill the bottle with some hot water.
14.【解析】a句意：退休后，史密斯先生开始绘画了，这是他从前喜爱，却又没有时间做的事情。take up: begin to spend time doing开始花时间从事（某项活动）；get up起床，起立；hold up推迟；look up查找、改善。
15.【解析】a 句意：她努力地试图在学生面前保持镇定，但是她前额的汗水使她露了马脚。give away: reveal露出了马脚；turn sb .down 拒绝；show sb.out带某人出去；shut sb.off使隔绝。
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